Ungawakhetha Kanjani Amajeneretha Ahamba Kahle Kagesi

I-Hydropower ingumthombo wamandla kagesi avuselelekayo osetshenziswa kakhulu emhlabeni wonke. Amajeneretha kagesi atholakala kabanzi, nezinkulukazi ezisetshenziselwa iziteshi zokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi, ezibekwe emachibini nasemadamini, kuya kwezincane kakhulu ezisetshenziselwa izicelo zasekhaya nezasemaphandleni. Lesi sihloko sinikeza isiqondiso ekukhetheni amajeneretha asebenza ngamanzi afaneleka kakhulu ngezidingo zakho.

Okuqukethwe
Imakethe yomhlaba wonke yamajeneretha asebenza ngamanzi
Isingeniso kumajeneretha kagesi ngamanzi
Izinhlobo zama-hydroelectric turbines
Ukubheka ububanzi bamajeneretha asebenza ngamanzi atholakalayo
Imicabango yokugcina

Imakethe yomhlaba wonke yamajeneretha asebenza ngamanzi

Imakethe yomhlaba wonke yamajeneretha asebenza ngamanzi ikhula kahle ngenani lokukhula elihlanganisiwe lonyaka (CAGR) ka-6.8% phakathi nenkathi yeminyaka eyi-10 kusukela ngo-2022 kuya ku-2032. Ngo-2022, inani lemakethe lali US $ 137.6 billion, ukukhula ku US $ 264.41 billion by 2032.

Isabelo semakethe siholwa yi- amasistimu amakhulu akhiwe ngama-hydro-plant ku-63%, ngaphezulu amasistimu amancane aphathekayo ku-37%, nakuba amasistimu amancane kulindeleke ukuthi akhule ngokushesha ku- I-CAGR ye-7.8%.

I-Asia Pacific ihola ukusetshenziswa kwamanje kanye nokukhula kwemakethe okucatshangwayo, kanti iChina ingumkhiqizi omkhulu wamandla kagesi asekelwe edamini. Amasistimu amancane athola ukukhula emhlabeni wonke ngenxa yentshisekelo eyengeziwe emithonjeni yamandla avuselelekayo. Amasistimu amancane alula futhi kulula ukuwafaka ezindaweni ezinjengamapulazi nezindawo ezincane ukuze zengezelele eminye imithombo yokukhiqiza amandla.

Isingeniso kumajeneretha kagesi ngamanzi

Izimpucuko bezilokhu zisebenzisa amandla amanzi iminyaka engaphezu kuka-2000. Esikhathini samanje, ngaphezu kuka-70% kagesi womhlaba ukhiqizwa ngamandla aphehlwa ngamanzi, okwenza kube lula ukuthi ube umthombo wamandla avuselelekayo osetshenziswa kakhulu emhlabeni wonke.

Amajeneretha kagesi asebenzisa amandla amanzi agelezayo ukukhiqiza ugesi. Lokhu bakwenza ngokudlulisela amanzi kuma-fan blades e-turbine. Ama-blades asebenza njengophephela ukuze aphendule umshini wensimbi, obese uphendula injini. Injini ikhiqiza amandla kagesi. Ubukhulu be-turbine kanye nokugeleza kwamanzi kunquma inani likagesi okhiqizwayo.

Ukugeleza kwamanzi kufinyelelwa ngezindlela ezimbalwa zokugeleza okuqondile:

• Amanzi akhishwa emthonjeni othunjiwe njengasechibini, noma ekugelezeni kwemvelo kwempophoma noma umfula ogelezayo. Ngale ndlela, amandla adonsela phansi angamandla amakhulu ashayela amanzi ku-turbine.
• Amanzi aqondiswa kabusha esuka komunye umthombo, ukuze ageleze ku-turbine. Lokhu kuvame ukudalwa ngokuhambisa amanzi amaningi, njengomfula, emiseleni emincane nemincane namapayipi. Le nqubo ingakwazi ukukhiqiza ukucindezela okuphezulu kokuphusha ama-blade e-turbine.
• Amanzi ampontshelwa phezulu aye endaweni egciniwe, njengendawo yokugcina amanzi, abese ededela lawo manzi ukuthi ehle ehle ngokusebenzisa amandla adonsela phansi angene ku-turbine. Le ndlela idinga amandla ukusunduza amanzi phezulu, ngakho isebenza kahle kakhulu lapho imithombo yamandla evuselelekayo isetshenziswa ukudala lawo mandla.

Umdwebo ongenhla ovela I-Chengdu Forster Technology Company ikhombisa isibonelo sesikhungo samandla kagesi osebenza ngamanzi esibekwe endaweni yokugcina amanzi, kusetshenziswa ukugeleza kwamanzi adonsela phansi enjini yokuphehla amandla.

Ukusebenzisa amanzi avela emithonjeni yemvelo kwenza ijeneretha kagesi ngamanzi ibe amandla avuselelekayo, kodwa isimiso empeleni siyefana ekuphehleni kukagesi wezinsalela ezimbiwa phansi. Iziteshi eziphehla ugesi ngamalahle zisebenzisa amalahle ukushisisa amanzi, ukuze zenze isitimu, esibe sesiphoqelelwa nge-turbine.

Idamu Lemigobho Emithathu, eligudla uMfula i-Yangtze e-China liyisiteshi sikagesi esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni esiphehla ugesi ngamanzi, esinama-turbine angu-32 x 700 Megawatt (Mw), kanye namanye amajeneretha amabili angu-50 Mw anikezela ugesi esiteshini ngokwaso.

Amajeneretha kagesi anamandla angaphansi kuka-5 Kilowatts avame ukusetshenziswa emapulazini, ezindaweni ezincane, nasezimbonini ezincane, nasekusetshenzisweni kwamandla angaphandle kwegridi noma ingxubevange. Kumajeneretha angama-5 Kilowatts nangaphezulu, isicelo singabandakanya ukunika amandla imiphakathi emincane, izimboni zasemakhaya kanye nezidingo ezinkulu zezolimo.

Izinhlobo zama-hydroelectric turbines

Ama-turbine kagesi akhiqiza amandla awo ngenhlanganisela yokucindezela nokugeleza kwamanzi. Ukucindezela, noma amandla amanzi, kunqunywa kusukela ekuphakameni komthombo wamanzi, okubizwa ngokuthi 'ikhanda'. Ukugeleza kwamanzi kokubili umthamo kanye nesivinini samanzi

Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zama-turbines, afanele izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokugeleza kwekhanda nokugeleza kwamanzi. Izinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko ukusabela, ne-impulse.

Izinjini zokusabela ama-turbine blades azo abekwe ngokugcwele ngaphakathi kokugeleza kwamanzi futhi aphendulwe njengoba amanzi egeleza phezu kwama-blades, nawo wonke ama-blade axhumene nokugeleza kwamanzi. Izinhlobo zama-turbine blades asetshenziswayo zifaka uphephela (njenge-propeller yesikebhe), i-Kaplan (ama-blades ashintshekayo), i-kinetic (eqondile ukusuka ekugelezeni), kanye Francis turbine (njengama-blade enjini ye-jet). Uhlobo lwe-turbine blade lukhethwa ngokusekelwe ekhanda nokugeleza kwamanzi, ngayinye inezinzuzo zayo. Ama-turbine amaningi okusabela asetshenziselwa ikhanda eliphansi nokugeleza okuphezulu, nakuba ama-turbine e-Kaplan nawo afanele ikhanda eliphezulu.

Ama-Impulse turbines ukukhiqiza amandla abo ekugelezeni kwamanzi, ukuhambisa isondo (umgijimi). Ngama-turbine e-Pelton impulse, ingxenye kuphela yomgijimi ehlangene nokugeleza kwamanzi (cabanga ngesondo lamanzi emshinini wokugaya). Njengoba ukugeleza kuguqula umgijimi, i-blade entsha ngayinye ingena ekugelezeni futhi ukunyakaza kuyaqhubeka. Ama-turbine e-Pelton asebenza kahle ekhanda eliphezulu nokugeleza okuphansi. Izinjini zokugeleza eziphambanayo zivumela ukugeleza kunqamule engxenyeni ebanzi yesondo le-turbine, abambe ukugeleza kokugeleza kokungena nokuphumayo. Lezi zisebenza kahle ekugelezeni okuphezulu kakhulu namanzi ekhanda eliphansi.

Ukubheka ububanzi bamajeneretha asebenza ngamanzi atholakalayo

Iziteshi ezinkulu zikagesi ophehlwa ngamanzi emhlabeni jikelele zivame ukubekwa emifuleni emikhulu nasemachibini, anamajeneretha aphehla ugesi amakhulu, akhiwe ngokukhethekile, akwazi ukwenza ama-megawatts angu-500 nangaphezulu. Ngezinhlelo zokusebenza ezincane, ezifana nokuphehla ugesi wasezindaweni zasemakhaya, amasistimu ezolimo nezimboni ngaphandle kwegridi, amajeneretha amakhulu ayatholakala ukuze a-odwe ku-inthanethi.

Lesi sigaba sibheka okukhethiwe ezinhlobonhlobo eziningi zamajeneretha aphehla ugesi angatholakala 'ngaphandle kweshalofu' futhi siphakamise ezinye zezinhlelo zokusebenza okufanele zicatshangelwe.

Amajeneretha amakhulu

Lapho amandla okukhiqiza edlula i-Megawatts eyi-1 (1000 Kilowatts), inani lamandla akhiqizwayo lidlula izidingo ezijwayelekile zepulazi elincane noma ikhaya, ngakho ukusetshenziswa kwawo kulungele kakhulu izicelo zezimboni kanye nomphakathi wasemaphandleni osebenza noma ovaliwe ugesi wegridi. Lawo majeneretha amakhulu aphehla ugesi angabekwa eduze noma emthonjeni wamanzi oseduze, njengomfula, ichibi noma ichibi elincane. Amanzi angase anikezwe ngokuqondile amandla adonsela phansi, kodwa maningi amathuba okuthi aphonswe noma aqondiswe kabusha esuka emthonjeni oseduze.

Amajeneretha amancane

Ngaphansi komthamo weMegawathi engu-1, amajeneretha amancane aphehla ugesi angakhiqiza phakathi kuka-5 nama-500 Kilowatts nangaphezulu, alungele kakhulu amapulazi amancane kanye nezindlu ezinkulu ezisebenza ngaphandle kwegridi. Angahle abekwe imifula emincane nemifudlana emikhulu lapho ukugeleza kwamanzi kuvumelana khona ukuze kugcinwe ukuphehlwa kukagesi kuthembekile.

Amajeneretha e-Micro Hydroelectric

Ngaphansi komthamo wamaKilowatts angu-5, amajeneretha asebenza ngamanzi amancane kakhulu, ayaphatheka futhi kulula ukuwafaka ezindlini nasezindaweni zasemakhaya, amapulazi amancane asemaphandleni kanye nezimboni zamakotishi. Angafakwa ekusakazweni, ngokugeleza okuqondiswe kabusha kalula ngamapayipi anikeziwe.

Amamodeli ezemfundo

Kunenani lamamodeli okuboniswa kwamajeneretha asebenza ngamanzi atholakala ku-inthanethi. Lezi zenzelwe ukusetshenziswa ekilasini lesayensi ukuze kufundiswe abafundi besayensi ukuthi ukusebenza kukagesi ngamanzi kusebenza kanjani.

Imicabango yokugcina

Amajeneretha kagesi asebenzisa amanzi agelezayo ukuze akhiqize ugesi. Angakwazi ukuhluka ngezikali kusukela ezikhungweni zamandla akhiqiza amandla amaningi ezingakhiqiza ngaphezu kwamaMegawathi angu-20,000 kuya kwezincane zasendlini ezingakwazi ukukhiqiza i-Kilowatt engaphezu kweyodwa. Amajeneretha amakhulu ahlinzeka izidingo zamazwe angasebenzisa ukuphehlwa kukagesi ngezinga elikhulu. Amajeneretha amancane aya ngokuya ethandwa ngezidingo zamandla angaphandle kwegridi, ukuphehlwa kukagesi ezindaweni zasemakhaya kanye nalabo abathanda amandla avuselelekayo.

Ekukhetheni ijeneretha efanele kagesi ngamanzi, umthengi uzobe esevele ecacile ekusetshenzisweni okungenzeka, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ichibi noma indawo enkulu yamanzi esekelwe, noma ebekwe endaweni encane yasemaphandleni. Indawo kanye namandla ahlosiwe yikona okucatshangelwayo okuyinhloko, ngesinqumo sesibili mayelana nohlobo lwe-turbine olufaneleka kakhulu ukucindezela kwamanzi (ikhanda) nokugeleza.

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