Ingabe I-Hydrogen Ingamandla Ahlanzekile Ekusasa?

I-Hydrogen iyindlela ehlanzekile engasetshenziswa ezintweni ezimbiwa phansi ngoba ayikhiphi amagesi abamba ukushisa noma izinto ezingcolisayo. Kodwa-ke, ukukhiqiza i-hydrogen ngezinga elikhulu nokuyisebenzisa emikhakheni ehlukahlukene kuwumsebenzi omude futhi oyinselele. Skrolela phansi ukuze ufunde ngemakethe yamandla e-hydrogen, ukusetshenziswa kwayo okuhlukahlukene, nokuqagela okuzayo.

Okuqukethwe
Imakethe yomhlaba wonke yokukhiqiza i-hydrogen
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-hydrogen
Ikusasa le-hydrogen

Imakethe yomhlaba wonke yokukhiqiza i-hydrogen

Umhlaba jikelele i-hydrogen Imakethe yokukhiqiza kulindeleke ukuthi ikhule ku-CAGR ye 10.5% kuya ku-USD 263.5 billion ngo-2027. Isidingo esikhulayo se-hydrogen samaseli kaphethiloli ezimotweni zikagesi namarokhethi embonini ye-aerospace siqhubekisela phambili imakethe.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinqubomgomo zezomnotho lapho amazwe azibophezela ekufezeni i-decarbonization emhlabeni wonke ngo-2050 zikhuphule ukukhula kwemakethe. Ngo-2020, i-European Union yasungula okuyingqayizivele i-hydrogen inqubomgomo esekela imizamo yokukhiqiza i-hydrogen eluhlaza.

I-Asia Pacific ilinganiselwa ukuthi iyimakethe enkulu kunazo zonke i-hydrogen ngo-2022, i-China ibalwa ngesabelo esikhulu kunazo zonke. I-Siemens Energy (Germany), ENGIE (France), ne-Linde plc (Ireland) bangabadlali abakhulu emhlabeni jikelele kulesi sikhala.

Lesi sihloko sihlanganisa konke abatshalizimali okufanele bakwazi mayelana ne-hydrogen njengomthombo wamandla, ukusetshenziswa kwayo, nekusasa layo.

Iyini i-hydrogen?

I-Hydrogen iyigesi eyenzeka ngokwemvelo futhi ingesinye sezakhi zamakhemikhali eziningi kakhulu, ezibalelwa ku-75% wesisindo somkhathi. Ingenye indlela evumelana nemvelo kune-methane. Amanzi, izilwane, izitshalo, nabantu konke kuqukethe i-hydrogen ama-athomu. Nakuba itholakala cishe kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo, i-hydrogen njengegesi iyindlala kakhulu.

I-Hydrogen ingakhiqizwa ngezinsiza ezahlukene, okuhlanganisa amandla enuzi, i-biogas, igesi yemvelo, namandla avuselelekayo njengelanga nomoya. Kodwa inselele enkulu ukusebenzisa i-hydrogen njengegesi ngezinga elikhulu ukuze kuphethilwe amabhizinisi.

Kungani i-hydrogen ibhekwa njengebalulekile esikhathini esizayo?

Iminyaka eminingi, igesi yemvelo yayisetshenziselwa ukushisa ukushisa nogesi ezindlini nasemabhizinisini. E-US, 47% Izindlu zincike kugesi yemvelo kanye nama-36% kugesi, kanti amakhaya angama-85% e-UK athembele kugesi.

I-Methane iyingxenye eyinhloko yegesi yemvelo etholakala ezindaweni zikawoyela negesi. Izimboni ziqhubekile zisebenzisa igesi yemvelo ngoba itholakala kalula, iyonga, futhi ingenye ehlanzekile esikhundleni samalahle, uphethiloli wezinsalela ezingcolile kunawo wonke amazwe amaningi ngokomlando ayethembele kuwo ekushisiseni nasekuphehleni ugesi.

Lapho igesi yemvelo ishiswa, ikhiqiza amandla abalulekile; nokho, ikhiphela isikhutha emkhathini, ibe nengxenye ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu. Ngokuphambene, i-hydrogen ikhipha umhwamuko wamanzi kuphela njengomkhiqizo.

Ihluke kanjani i-hydrogen eluhlaza ku-hydrogen empunga neluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka?

I-hydrogen eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ikhiqizwa kusetshenziswa izinsiza ezingavuseleleki ngezindlela ezimbili ezihlukene. Indlela evame kakhulu ukuguqulwa kwe-steam methane, ekhiqiza i-hydrogen eyinqwaba futhi ilandisa ngokukhiqizwa okuningi komhlaba wonke. I-reformer isetshenziswa ngale ndlela ukuphendula isitimu emazingeni okushisa aphezulu nezingcindezi nge-methane kanye ne-nickel catalyst.

Indlela yesibili iwukushintshwa kwe-auto-thermal, lapho umoya-mpilo, isikhutha, noma isitimu sihlangana ne-methane ukuze kukhiqizwe i-hydrogen. Ububi balezi zindlela ezimbili ukuthi zinekhabhoni njenge-byproduct, edinga ukubanjwa kwekhabhoni nokugcinwa ukuze kucushwe futhi kugcinwe le khabhoni.

Ngaphandle kwalokho, i-hydrogen eluhlaza ingabuye ikhiqizwe ngokusebenzisa ugesi ukunika amandla i-electrolyzer, ehlukanisa i-hydrogen kuma-molecule amanzi. Lokhu kubangela i-hydrogen ehlanzekile futhi akukhiphi noma yimiphi imikhiqizo. Inzuzo eyengeziwe yokusebenzisa ugesi ukuthi ivumela ukuphambukisa ugesi owedlulele ku-electrolysis, ngakho isetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza igesi ye-hydrogen engagcinelwa izidingo zamandla zesikhathi esizayo.

Okokugcina, i-hydrogen empunga ikhiqizwa ezintweni zokubasa ezimbiwa phansi, ishibhile uma kuqhathaniswa, futhi ivame ukusetshenziselwa ukwenza umanyolo. Ngeshwa, ku-1 kg ye-hydrogen empunga ekhiqizwayo, i-10kg ye-carbon dioxide ikhishwa emkhathini. Ngenxa yalokho, ithathwa njengendlela encane evuselelekayo ye-hydrogen.

Ukusetshenziswa kwe-hydrogen

I-Hydrogen inezinhlelo zokusebenza ezahlukahlukene futhi isetshenziswa ezinqubweni ezahlukahlukene zezimboni. E-United States, cishe yonke i-hydrogen isetshenziselwa ukucwenga i-petroleum, ukucubungula ukudla, ukukhiqiza umanyolo, nokwelapha izinsimbi. Izikhungo ezihluza uwoyela kuleli zwe zisebenzisa i-hydrogen ukuze zinciphise isibabule esitholakala kumafutha.

Isetshenziselwa ukuhlola indawo yangaphandle

I-National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) ibisebenzisa i-hydrogen njengophethiloli wamarokhethi kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1950. I-NASA yaba ngeyokuqala ukunika amandla amasistimu kagesi emikhumbi-mkhathi ngamaseli e-hydrogen fuel.

Ama-fuel cell cell akhiqiza ugesi

Ngokuhlanganisa umoya-mpilo nama-athomu e-hydrogen, i-hydrogen ama-fuel cell akhiqiza ugesi. Njengebhethri, i-hydrogen ihlangana nomoya-mpilo engqamuzaneni ye-electrochemical ukuze ikhiqize ugesi. Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zama-fuel cell atholakalayo ezisetshenziswa ezahlukene.

Amaseli kaphethiloli amancane anganika amandla omakhalekhukhwini namakhompyutha. Ngokuphambene, ama-fuel cell amakhulu anganika amandla amagridi kagesi, anikeze amandla aphuthumayo ezakhiweni, futhi anikeze ugesi ezindaweni ezingaxhumekile kumagridi kagesi.

Kusukela ngo-2021, bekukhona cishe ama-generator kagesi kagesi asebenzayo angama-166 ezindaweni eziyi-113 e-United States, anesamba somthamo olinganiselwa kumamegawathi angama-260 (MW). Njengoba cishe i-16 MW yomthamo wokukhiqiza, i-Bridgeport (Connecticut) Fuel Cell iyindawo enkulu kunazo zonke ekhiqiza amaseli kaphethiloli.

Isikhungo esilandelayo esikhulu kunazo zonke, i-Red Lion Energy Centre e-Delaware, sinamandla okuphehla ugesi angu-6 MW. Cishe wonke lawa maseli kaphethiloli asebenzayo asebenzisa igesi yemvelo yamapayipi njengomthombo we-hydrogen, kuyilapho amanye esebenzisa igesi yokulahla imfucumfucu kanye ne-biogas.

Isetshenziswa ezitshalweni zikagesi

Kunentshisekelo ekhulayo yokusebenzisa i-hydrogen ezimbonini zikagesi e-United States. Izikhungo zikagesi eziningana zimemezele isifiso sazo sokusebenzisa ingxube kaphethiloli yemvelo yegesi ne-hydrogen kumaturbine egesi evuthayo. Isibonelo, indawo ye-485 MW Long Ridge Energy Generation e-Ohio, ene-gas-fire turbine esebenzisa i-95% yegesi yemvelo/5% ye-hydrogen fuel blend, ihlela ukusebenzisa i-100% ye-hydrogen eluhlaza ekhiqizwa kusetshenziswa izinsiza ezivuselelekayo.

Esinye isibonelo imboni ye-Intermountain Power Agency e-Utah, ehlela ukuguqula isikhungo sikagesi esisebenza ngamalahle sibe indawo ehlanganisiwe ephehla igesi ezoqale isebenzise i-hydrogen efinyelela ku-30% futhi ekugcineni isebenzise i-hydrogen eluhlaza engu-100%.

Isetshenziswa ezimotweni

Ngaphansi koMthetho Wenqubomgomo Yamandla ka-1992, i-hydrogen kuthathwa njengenye indlela esikhundleni sikaphethiloli wemoto. Kunesithakazelo esikhulayo ku-hydrogen ngoba ikwazi ukunika amandla amangqamuzana kaphethiloli ezimotweni ezingakhiphi, inamandla okusebenza kahle kakhulu, futhi iziqhayisa ngamandla athembisayo okukhiqizwa kwasekhaya.

I-fuel cell ingaba namandla izikhathi ezi-2 kuya kwezi-3 kunezinjini ezivuthayo zangaphakathi ezinikezwa amandla kagesi. I-Hydrogen ingasetshenziswa futhi ekuphethiseni izinjini ezivuthayo zangaphakathi, kodwa ikhipha i-nitrogen oxide.

Izimoto eziphehlwa nge-hydrogen zimbalwa namuhla ngoba amaseli kaphethiloli ayabiza, futhi kunenani elilinganiselwe leziteshi eziphehla uphethiloli nge-hydrogen. Cishe zingu-48 iziteshi ze-hydrogen ezitholakala e-United States, futhi cishe zonke zitholakala eCalifornia.

Amazwe ashintshela kumnotho we-hydrogen eluhlaza

Australia: Naphezu kokuba khona okungenandaba ezimakethe ze-hydrogen eluhlaza, i-Australia ibambisene nezinhlangano ezihlukahlukene ukuthuthukisa amaphrojekthi elanga nomoya akhuthaza ukukhiqizwa kwe-hydrogen evuselelekayo.

Canada: I-Canada inengxenye echumayo ye-hydrogen ne-fuel-cell ngenxa yokubambisana okuhlanganyelwe kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali okuvela emikhakheni ezimele nekahulumeni. Abadlali bomhlaba wonke kule ngxenye, njenge-Ballard Power Systems kanye ne-Hydrogenics, nabo bazinze e-Canada.

China: Izimoto ze-Hydrogen azikhokhi intela kuleli zwe, futhi i-hydrogen ibhekwa njengendlela engase ibe yindlela yokususa ikhabhoni kwezokuthutha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iWuhan ithathwa njengedolobha le-hydrogen njengoba ihlela ukuvula okungenani i-100 yamafutha. iziteshi zezimoto zama-fuel-cell by 2025.

Japan: Izwe laseJapan lihamba phambili emhlabeni wonke ekwakhiweni kwamaseli e-hydrogen fuel ngenxa yabakhiqizi bezimoto iToyota neHonda. Isizwe futhi simagange ngokushintsha igesi yemvelo ewuketshezi siye ku-hydrogen eluhlaza.

Ikusasa le-hydrogen

Isidingo se-hydrogen

Ngamafuphi, i-hydrogen izosetshenziswa emikhakheni enengcindezi yomphakathi yokukhipha ikhabhoni. Izinkampani zezimpahla zabathengi e-EU ziya ngokuya ziba nentshisekelo emithonjeni yamandla avuselelekayo.

I-Hydrogen kulindeleke ukuthi ikhiphe i-carbon feedstock yezimboni kanye nokukhiqizwa kukagesi maduze nje. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukukhiqizwa kwe-ammonia kanye ne-synthetic hydrocarbon fuels etholakala ku-hydrogen kuzovumela ukuchithwa kwe-decarbonization yemikhakha enzima kakhulu ukunqamula, njengendiza.

Ukunikezwa kwe-hydrogen

Ukusetshenziswa i-hydrogen izoba yinto evamile kuphela uma izindleko ze-hydrogen eluhlaza ziwa kakhulu. I-hydrogen eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka cishe izosetshenziswa ukuhlangabezana nesidingo uma amanani entengo ephezulu esikhathini esifushane.

Ukusatshalaliswa kwe-hydrogen

Kuzokwenziwa uhlelo olusebenzayo lokusatshalaliswa kwe-hydrogen, okuhlanganisa ipayipi elixhunywe kahle nemikhumbi namaloli. Ngoba ozinikele i-hydrogen inethiwekhi ngeke isatshalaliswe kabanzi njengenethiwekhi yegesi yemvelo yamanje, ukusatshalaliswa kwe-hydrogen ngamaloli kuyodingeka. Ukungeniswa kwamanye amazwe ngamapayipi nemikhumbi kuzoba semqoka ekuhlangabezaneni nezidingo zasekhaya.

Uma kubhekwa izindleko zokuthutha eziphezulu, i-hydrogen yasendaweni ekhiqizwe ngogesi ovuselelekayo oshibhile izohlala inokuncintisana ngokumelene ne-hydrogen engenisiwe. Njengoba isidingo se-hydrogen sikhula, ukukhiqizwa okuphakathi nendawo ngesakhiwo sepayipi kuya endaweni yokugcina enkulu kuzothandeka kakhulu.

Umbono wenqubomgomo

IYurophu cishe izoqhuba imboni ye-hydrogen, ivule amathuba amasha kwezinye izifunda, njengokukhiqiza ama-electrolyzer namaseli kaphethiloli e-Asia kanye nokuthumela izinsiza ezivuselelekayo ezivela eMpumalanga Ephakathi naseNyakatho Melika.

Izindleko zama-electrolyzer nama-fuel cell kumele zehliswe ukuze kutholakale i-hydrogen yesikhashana. Kodwa-ke, i-hydrogen iyohlala ibiza kakhulu kunamafutha ezinto ezimbiwa phansi, okwenza kudingeke ukuthi izikhuthazi zenqubomgomo zibe nokuncintisana.