Ama-Network Hubs vs. Ukushintsha: Umhlahlandlela ophelele

Amahabhu namaswishi ayizingxenyekazi zekhompyutha ezibalulekile zokudala amanethiwekhi aqinile nathembekile. Nakuba zisiza ukunweba amanethiwekhi, ziyahlukahluka ngezindlela eziningi ezibalulekile. Omunye umehluko omkhulu yindlela abaphatha ngayo idatha.

Uma amahabhu athola ulwazi, athumela leyo datha kuwo wonke amadivayisi axhunyiwe. Ngokuphambene, amaswishi ahlakaniphile, okusho ukuthi angakwazi ukufunda ikheli le-mac kuphakethe ledatha futhi alithumele kuphela kudivayisi elidingayo. 

Ngenkathi amanye amanethiwekhi esasebenzisa amahabhu, amaswishi athatha kancane kancane ezimeni eziningi ngenxa yokusebenza kahle kwawo. Lesi sihloko sizohlola amadivayisi zokuxhumana kanye nokwehluka kwawo ukuze kuboniswe amabhizinisi adume kakhulu nokuthi kungani.

Okuqukethwe
Ingakanani imakethe yezinsiza zokuxhumana?
Umlando osheshayo wamahabhu nokushintsha kunethiwekhi
Ayini ama-hubs?
Ayini amaswishi?
Amahabhu ngokumelene namaswishi: Uyini umehluko?
Amahabhu enethiwekhi ngokumelene namaswishi: Iyiphi edume kakhulu namuhla?
Amazwi wokugcina

Ingakanani imakethe yezinsiza zokuxhumana?

The imakethe yedivayisi yenethiwekhi yomhlaba wonke Ifinyelele ku-US$ 26.4 billion ngo-2022. Ochwepheshe babikezela ukuthi ukuthengiswa kuzokhuphuka ngesilinganiso sokukhula sonyaka esingu-5.6% (CAGR) kusukela ngo-2023 kuya ku-2032, siphushe inani lemakethe laya ku-$ 45.5 billion ngo-2032. izindawo zokuhlala, zamabhizinisi, nezimboni.

Ngokombiko ofanayo, iNyakatho Melika izohlala iyisifunda esinenzuzo kakhulu esikhathini sokubikezela, kanti i-United States inegalelo elikhulu. Ochwepheshe balinganisela ukuthi imakethe yaseNyakatho Melika izofinyelela ku-US$ 18.921 billion ngo-2032. Ukwengeza, amadivaysi enethiwekhi angaphakathi akhiqize ukuthengiswa okuningi futhi azokhula ku-5.5% CAGR phakathi nesikhathi sokubikezela.

Umlando osheshayo wamahabhu nokushintsha kunethiwekhi

Ekuqaleni kwawo-1980, Izikhumulo ingene emakethe njengamathuluzi alula okuxhumanisa amakhompyutha amaningi kunethiwekhi yendawo (LAN). Lawa madivayisi asebenza kuleveli yemodeli ye-OSI eyisisekelo (Usendlalelo 1), ithumela idatha kuwo wonke amadivayisi axhunyiwe ngesikhathi esisodwa. Lo msebenzi oyisisekelo usebenze kahle kumanethiwekhi angaleso sikhathi amancane, anethrafikhi ephansi—kodwa njengoba amanethiwekhi ekhula, le ndlela yabangela ukushayisana kwedatha nokumosha umkhawulokudonsa.

Maphakathi nawo-1990, ukushintsha ikhishwe njengenye indlela encane futhi yasheshe yaduma. Ngokungafani namahabhu, amaswishi asebenza ezingeni eliphezulu (Usendlalelo 2) futhi angathumela idatha ngokuqondile kudivayisi eyicela ngamakheli e-MAC. Lokhu kuthuthukiswa kwehlise kakhulu ukushayisana kwedatha futhi kwenza amanethiwekhi asebenza kahle kakhulu, ngakho-ke ukushintsha ngokushesha kube yinketho yokukhetha amanethiwekhi akhulayo.

Ayini ama-hubs?

Amahabhu angamadivayisi ayisisekelo anembobo ye-Ethernet eyodwa exhumeka kumzila kanye nezimbobo zokukhipha eziningi zamanye amadivayisi. Lapho amahabhu athola idatha, ayithumela kuwo wonke amadivayisi axhunyiwe, ashiye ngayinye ukuze inqume ukuthi ihloselwe yona yini. Okunye okubi kwamahabhu ukuthi angathumela kuphela noma amukele idatha ngesikhathi esisodwa (half-duplex), enganciphisa isivinini senethiwekhi.

Amahabhu enethiwekhi futhi iza ngezinhlobo ezimbili: okuhlukile okusebenzayo kanye ne-passive. Amahabhu asebenzayo ayizinhlobonhlobo ezinamandla ezithuthukisa amasiginali angenayo, okuvumela idatha ukuthi ihambe ibanga elide. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ama-passive hubs avele axhume amadivayisi amaningi kunethiwekhi ngaphandle kokukhulisa amasiginali noma ukudinga umthombo wamandla.

Ayini amaswishi?

Amaswishi enethiwekhi zithuthuke kakhulu kunamahabhu. Bangakwazi ukufunda imizila nezimbobo ezidingekayo futhi bafunde izihloko zephakethe ledatha ukuze bathumele ulwazi ngokuqondile kudivayisi elungile besebenzisa ikheli layo eliyingqayizivele le-MAC. Njengoba amaswishi esebenza kungqimba 2 wemodeli ye-OSI, angathumela futhi amukele idatha ngesikhathi esifanayo, esebenzisa umkhawulokudonsa wenethiwekhi yonke.

Ukwengeza, ukushintsha kwenethiwekhi kusebenza izindima ezintathu eziyinhloko. Kungaba ukushintsha konqenqema, okusiza ukuphatha ukungena nokuphuma kwethrafikhi kunethiwekhi kusukela kumadivayisi nezindawo zokufinyelela. Angaba futhi amaswishi okusabalalisa (abekwe phakathi nenethiwekhi) noma amaswishi ayinhloko, okuba umgogodla wenethiwekhi.

Amahabhu ngokumelene namaswishi: Uyini umehluko?

1. Ukuphathwa kwethrafikhi

Lapho abathengi bexhuma amadivaysi amaningi kuhabhu, wonke kufanele abelane ngomkhawulokudonsa ofanayo. Kungaba inkinga uma amadivaysi ambalwa edlulisela idatha ngesikhathi esisodwa. Le nkinga ikhawulela ikakhulukazi imisebenzi edinga idatha eningi, njengokusakaza-bukhoma noma ukudluliswa kwamafayela amakhulu. Amahabhu awayiphathi kahle ithrafikhi, ngakho-ke ukungqubuzana kwedatha maningi amathuba okuba kukhulu, okuwenza angathembeki ekudluliselweni kwedatha okushelelayo.

Ngokuphambene, amaswishi anikeza idivayisi ngayinye umkhawulokudonsa wayo ozinikezele, okuvumela idatha ukuthi ihambe ngokushelela. Bangakwazi ukubona lapho iphakethe ledatha ngalinye lidinga ukuya khona futhi balithumele kuphela kudivayisi ehlosiwe. Ngalesi sizathu, amaswishi anciphisa amathuba okushayisana kwedatha futhi enze inethiwekhi isebenze kahle.

I-2. Ukusebenza

Amahabhu awawalungele amanethiwekhi angase akhule ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngoba awakwazi ukuphatha ithrafikhi kahle. Njengoba abathengi bengeza amanye amadivayisi, ukusebenza kwenethiwekhi kuzokwehla ngokuphawulekayo. Njengoba amahabhu ethumela yonke iphakethe ledatha kuwo wonke amadivayisi axhunyiwe, kuthatha isikhathi eside ukuthi idatha elungile ifinyelele lapho iya khona, okubangela ukubambezeleka okucasulayo.

Ngokuphambene, amaswishi e-ethernet angaphatha ithrafikhi kangcono kakhulu, okusho ukuthi angakwazi ukuphatha idatha eyengeziwe ngaphandle kokunciphisa ijubane. Ngakho-ke, amaswishi alungele ukukhulisa amanethiwekhi. Ukushintsha kungagcina ukusebenza okuqinile nokuthembekile ngisho nalapho abathengi bexhuma amadivayisi amaningi.

I-3. Izicelo

Amahabhu anendima elula kumanethiwekhi anamuhla: axhuma amadivayisi amaningi e-Ethernet endaweni eyodwa. Ziyisixazululo esithengekayo nesisebenzayo sokusetha okuncane kwe-LAN lapho irutha ingenazo izimbobo ze-Ethernet ezanele. Ukwengeza, amahabhu ayindlela engabizi kakhulu yokuxhuma amadivayisi amaningi ezindaweni ezinethrafikhi yenethiwekhi ephansi.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukushintsha kubalulekile kumanethiwekhi ezinkampani zanamuhla futhi kunikeza ukusebenza okwengeziwe. Ngokuya ngezidingo zenethiwekhi, amaswishi angakwazi:

• Lawula ukuthi yiziphi izimbobo ze-Ethernet ezisebenzayo.
• Gada ithrafikhi yenethiwekhi nesimo sokuxhuma.
• Lawula ukuthi ingabe ichweba lisebenza ngohhafu noma i-duplex egcwele.
• Lungiselela i-QoS (Ikhwalithi Yesevisi) ukuze ubeke phambili imisebenzi yenethiwekhi ebalulekile.

4. Security

Njengoba amahabhu esakaza yonke iphakethe ledatha kuzo zonke izimbobo ezixhunyiwe, izigebengu ze-inthanethi zingabamba futhi zifunde ulwazi olubucayi kalula. Amahabhu awanazo izici zokuphepha ezakhelwe ngaphakathi zokukhawulela ukuthi ubani ongafinyelela inethiwekhi, okwenza ukuphatha nokuvikela inethiwekhi kube nzima kakhulu.

Amaswishi athuthukisa ukuphepha ngokuthumela idatha kuphela kudivayisi ehloselwe yona, okwenza kube nzima kubasebenzisi abangagunyaziwe ukuthi bayibambe. Amaswishi aphethwe akwenza elinye igxathu, okuvumela abaphathi benethiwekhi ukuthi bakhe Uhlu Lokulawula Ukufinyelela (ACLs) ukuze bengeze isendlalelo esengeziwe sokuvikela.

5. Ukuxakeka

Amahabhu alula kakhulu ukusethwa—abathengi badinga kuphela ukuxhuma amadivayisi abo, futhi yonke into izolungela ukuhamba. Njengoba amahabhu engadingi noma yikuphi ukucushwa, ayinketho elula yabantu abangenazo i-tech-savvy.

Ngokuphambene, ukushintsha ngokuvamile kudinga ukucushwa, okungaba yinkimbinkimbi futhi kudinga ulwazi oluthile lobuchwepheshe. Izici ezithuthukile njengama-VLAN noma izilungiselelo zekhwalithi Yesevisi (QoS) ngezinye izikhathi zingadala izinkinga zokusebenzisana nezingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha ezindala noma isofthiwe.

I-6. Imininingwane

Nakhu ukubheka ukucaciswa okuhlukile kwamahabhu enethiwekhi namaswishi.

Amahabhu enethiwekhi ngokumelene namaswishi: Iyiphi edume kakhulu namuhla?

Amahabhu ngokuvamile athengeka kakhulu kunokushintsha, okuwenza abe yinketho enhle yokusetha kwesikhashana noma amaphrojekthi amancane anezidingo ezincane zokuxhumana. Kodwa naphezu kwezindleko zabo eziphansi, azithandwa kakhulu, ikakhulukazi kumanethiwekhi anamuhla. 

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amaswishi anamakhono athuthukile eza ngezindleko eziphezulu zangaphambili. Kodwa-ke, imvelo yabo ebizayo ayizange ibavimbe ekudonseni ukunakwa okwengeziwe ngo-2024. 

Amazwi wokugcina

Amahabhu enethiwekhi namaswishi asiza abathengi ukuthi baphathe izidingo zabo zenethiwekhi kodwa banikeze izinzuzo ezihlukile. Amahabhu ayinketho yokonga kakhudlwana kubathengi abanezidingo ezincane zokuxhumana. Uma nje abasebenzisi bengadingi izici ezithuthukile futhi belungile ngokusebenza okuyisisekelo, ngeke badinge okungaphezu kwamahabhu.

Nokho, ukushintsha nxusa abathengi (iningi lapha) abafuna ukusebenza okungcono nokuvikeleka. Nakuba zibiza kakhulu futhi zingadinga ukunakekelwa okuqhubekayo, amaswishi adume kakhulu kumanethiwekhi esimanje. 

Ngakho-ke, amabhizinisi afuna inketho edume kakhulu yokuthengisa angase ahehe abantu abaningi ngokushintsha. Kepha ungawashiyi ama-hubs okwamanje, njengoba asaheha izithameli eziningi ngo-2024.