I-Ocean-Safe Sunscreen: Ungaba Kanjani Ibhrendi Yobuhle Ephephile Olwandle

Umthelela wemikhiqizo yobuhle olwandle lwethu uyeza obala. Umthelela wemboni yobuhle, kanye nokudoba ngokweqile, ukungcoliswa kwamaphakethe epulasitiki kanye nokuchitheka kwamakhemikhali, kuholele ekukhathazekeni okukhulayo ngezilwandle zethu. Ngaphezu kwe 80% yokungcoliswa kolwandle kuvela emithonjeni esekelwe emhlabeni. Ngo-2015, kulinganiselwa ukuthi amathani ayizigidi eziyi-150 epulasitiki anqwabelana olwandle. Inani likadoti wepulasitiki ogeleza olwandle limiselwe kathathu ngo-2040. Nakuba ukupakishwa kwepulasitiki kuyikona okugxilwe kakhulu kwemikhiqizo yobuhle, umthelela wamafomula wobuhle olwandle isinyathelo esilandelayo amabhrendi wobuhle angasithatha ukwenza umehluko ekusindiseni ulwandle.

Impilo kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezilwandle zethu zikhathaza kakhulu; imboni yobuhle ibhekana nomthelela wayo ngokugxila okusha ekwakhiweni okuphephile olwandle. Zitholele ukuthi ibhrendi yakho yobuhle ingadizayina kanjani kabusha amafomula angukhiye futhi ibe 'iphephile olwandle' ngokweqiniso.

Okuqukethwe
Umthelela wokuvikela ilanga olwandle
Yiziphi izithako ezinomthelela omubi kakhulu
Microplastics nolwandle
Umthetho wokuvikela ilanga olungele ulwandle
Umthengi uphushela ekushintsheni
Izitifiketi eziphephile olwandle
Ezinye izithako zokuvikela ilanga
Isinyathelo esilandelayo ebuhleni obuphephile olwandle

Umthelela wokuvikela ilanga olwandle

Uma kukhulunywa ngegalelo lemboni yobuhle olwandle, kugxilwa kakhulu embonini yokunakekelwa kwelanga. Imakethe yomhlaba wonke yokuvikela ilanga ibikezelwa ukuthi izofinyelela inani lama-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-10.7 ngo-2024, ikhuphuke isuka ku-$8.5 billion ngo-2019. Cishe amathani angu-14,000 e-sunscreen aphelela olwandle minyaka yonke, futhi ucwaningo lugqamisa ukuthi izithako ezibalulekile zilimaza izixhobo zamakhorali kanye nezilwane zasolwandle.

Ukwanda kokuxutshwa kwama-coral reef kwabonakala phakathi namashumi amabili eminyaka okugcina ekhulu lama-20, ososayensi bethola ukuthi “izithako zamakhemikhali ezitholakala emikhiqizweni yokuvikela ilanga zingabangela ukufiphala okungazelelwe nokuphelele kwamakhorali aqinile, ngisho nalapho egxilile kakhulu.”

Amakhorali anobudlelwano be-symbiotic ne-zooxanthellae, ulwelwe oluncane oluwumthombo wawo wokudla oyinhloko. Ulwelwe lubuye lunikeze umbala wamakhorali. Lapho izihlungi ze-UV zokwenziwa ezikhiqizweni elangeni zingena olwandle, zingashukumisa izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane olwelweni, zishiye izicubu zamakhorali. ibhincile futhi abasengozini.

Nakuba i-coral e-bleached ingafi, ingaphansi kwengcindezi futhi ngenxa yalokho isengozini enkulu yendlala, izifo nokufa.

Kungani izixhobo zamakhorali zibalulekile

Izixhobo zamakhorali zibalulekile ngenxa yezizathu eziningana;

• Ukuvikelwa ekugugulekeni kogu
• Umthombo wokudla nemithi emisha
• Zibamba ngaphezu kwekota yazo zonke izinhlobo zezinhlanzi zasolwandle nakuba zithatha ngaphansi kuka-0.1% olwandle

Izixhobo zamakhorali zinenani lomhlaba wonke elilinganiselwa ku-$36 billion njalo ngonyaka ngenxa yezokuvakasha. Ukwengeza, abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-500 emhlabeni wonke bathembele emanzini ukudla, imisebenzi nokuvikela ugu, ngakho ukunyamalala kwabo kuzoba nomthelela omkhulu emhlabeni.

Yiziphi izithako ezinomthelela omubi kakhulu

Kutholakale izithako zobuhle ezimbalwa ezilimaza impilo yasolwandle. Ngenkathi ucwaningo ngemuva kwezinye izimangalo lusungulwa, ezinye zihlala ziyimbangela yenkulumompikiswano futhi zidinga uphenyo olwengeziwe.

Izithako ezimbili ezamukelwa kabanzi njengezingaphephile olwandle ziyi-oxybenzone ne-octinoxate.

I-Oxybenzone, ebizwa nangokuthi i-benzophenone-3, itholakale yenza amakhorali abe bleach futhi ivimbele ukukhula kwamakhorali amancane, ilimaza i-DNA yawo. I-Oxtinoxate, ehlunga imisebe ye-UVB, iphinde ihlanze amakhorali. Kokubili kuye kwatholakala ukuthi “kubangela ukuba abesifazane ezinhlanzini zesilisa esikhulile futhi kwandise izifo zokuzala ezidalweni kusukela kuma-sea urchins kuya ku-parrotfish.”

I-Octocrylene, ebuye isetshenziswe ekukhiqizweni elangeni, inobuthi kumakhorali ekugxilweni okuphezulu. Lapho ihlolwa emazingeni okungenzeka ukuthi ihlangatshezwane nayo endaweni ezungezile, kwatholakala ukuthi inqwabelana njengama-fatty acid ester, okungafakazela ubuthi.

Ama-Parabens nawo abekwe obala. Ziye zatholakala emifuleni, emanzini angcolile, kanye nezicubu noma izilwane zasolwandle. Kodwa-ke, okwamanje luncane ucwaningo lokuthi ukuba khona kwazo kuyawudala yini umonakalo.

Ezinye izithako zobuhle okufanele uziqaphele

I-Triclosan ivamile emikhiqizweni elwa namagciwane, njengezinsipho nokugeza umzimba, futhi ivamise ukugezwa ngomsele. Izifundo eziningi baye bathola ukuthi bubonisa ubuthi “ezilwaneni eziningana zasemanzini, ezitshalweni, ezinhlanzini, ezingolwelweni, kuma-arthropods, kuma-molluscs, nama-nematode, phakathi kokunye.” Kutholakale ukuthi iyimbangela umonakalo ongenakulungiseka ku-algae, ezithinta ukwakheka kwe umphako wokudla.

Microplastics nolwandle

Ama-Microplastic kanye nama-nanoparticles nawo ayinkinga enkulu mayelana nezilwandle zethu. Umonakalo ongaba khona obangelwa ama-microplastics uncike kusayizi wabo, ukuma nohlobo, kanye nezinga lokuchayeka.

A Ucwaningo lwe-2021 ithole izingcezu ze-microplastic ezingu-24.4 trillion ezilwandle zomhlaba, futhi zihlotshaniswa nezinkinga zempilo ezifana nokusabela kokuvuvukala kwezicubu, umdlavuza kanye nokungazali.

Ama-nanoparticles afana ne-zinc ne-titanium oxide nawo ayacatshangelwa anobuthi, kodwa ukuhlolwa okwengeziwe kuyadingeka.

Umthetho wokuvikela ilanga olungele ulwandle

Okutholwe yisayensi okugxile kwezemvelo kunomthelela kuzinqubomgomo nemithetho njengoba ohulumeni befuna ukunciphisa imithelela yokukhuphuka kwamazinga okushisa kanye nesimo sezulu esishintshayo.

Umthetho wamanje olungele ulwandle

Iholwa yimibiko yokushiswa kwamakhorali, kwethulwa iHawaii SB 2571, uMthetho 104, ngo-Sept 2019. Umthetho, oqale ukusebenza ngoJanuwari 2021, "uvimbela ukuthengiswa, ukunikezwa kokudayiswa noma ukusatshalaliswa kwanoma isiphi isithako esivikela ilanga esiqukethe i-oxybenzone noma i-octinoxate, noma kokubili, ngaphandle kwencwadi kadokotela ekhishwe umhlinzeki wezempilo onelayisensi ukuvikela imvelo yasolwandle."

Ngemva kwalo mthethosivivinywa, i Isiqhingi sasePacific sasePalau ilandele okufanayo kodwa ngaphezu kwalokho yavinjelwa i-octocrylene nama-parabens athile. Amanye amazwe avimbele ezinye noma zonke lezi zithako zihlanganisa Aruba, lo Virgin Islands, kanye neBonaire. Amapaki okuvakasha aseMexico afana neCozumel nawo enze imingcele yenhlangano kulezi zithako.

The I-UK ivinjelwe ukuthengiswa kwemikhiqizo yezimonyo ehlanjululwayo neyokunakekelwa komuntu siqu equkethe ubuhlalu obuncane, ethathwa njengokungcolisa okuqhubekayo, ngo-2018, ijoyina iKorea, iCanada, neSweden. Amanye amazwe azovimbela ama-microbeads ahlanganisa i-Ireland, iThailand ne-Italy.

Yini okulandelayo?

Ngo-2021, i-PFAS, eyaziwa ngokuthi 'amakhemikhali angunaphakade,' atholakala ehamba izinkulungwane zamakhilomitha nge-sea spray ngaphambi kokubuyela ezweni. NgoJulayi 2021, uMaine wamisa umthetho ovimbela ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlanganisela ze-PFAS ezinobuthi kuyo yonke imikhiqizo ngo-2030, kuyilapho i-EU iphinde yahlongoza ukubhekana ne-PFAS.

Amabhrendi kumele ahlale enolwazi ngentuthuko kulesi sikhala futhi asebenzele ukuthuthukisa ezinye izithako ngaphambi kokuphoqwa ukwenza kanjalo ngokomthetho.

Umthengi push

Ngokocwaningo olwenziwa emhlabeni wonke olwenziwa i-Economist Intelligence Unit kanye ne-World Ocean Initiative, u-83% womphakathi ukhathazeke ngezinkinga zolwandle, kanti u-26% “ukhathazeke kakhulu.” Ngenxa yemvelo yakho ephathekayo, ukungcoliswa kwepulasitiki kubonakala njengento ehamba phambili ekubuyiseleni impilo yolwandle. Nokho, ukungcoliswa kwamakhemikhali kulandela endaweni yesibili.

EMelika, 65% yabathengi bakhathazekile noma bakhathazeke kakhulu ngamapulasitiki olwandle. 72% womphakathi jikelele ukuzwa ukuthi izakhamizi zineqhaza elikhulu ekusekeleni isayensi yolwandle; nokho-ke, ama-54% athi ukuntula ulwazi kuyawavimba ekuzibandakanyeni.

Imilayezo ecacile mayelana nezici ezinhle zomkhiqizo kuzodingeka ukuze kubandakanyeke abathengi abafuna izindlela zokusiza. U-74% wabathengi kungenzeka bathenge ama-sunscreens adayiswa anemininingwane ye-eco, ngokusho kuka- Ibhizinisi Lezimonyo.

Njengamanje, isidingo sabathengi emhlabeni wonke semikhiqizo ephephile olwandle singamandla amakhulu kunomthetho. Amabhrendi kufanele azivumelanise nezimfuno zawo manje kunokulinda umthetho, njengoba abathengi cishe bazobheka lokhu sekwephuze kakhulu.

Izitifiketi eziphephile olwandle

'Ocean-safe' kanye 'reef-safe' amagama akhulayo ngaphakathi kwe-lexicon yomkhiqizo. Umthetho kungenzeka usanda kuqaliswa noma, ezimakethe eziningi, usadingidwa; ngakho-ke, izitifiketi ezihambisanayo namazinga ayavela futhi awabonwa njenge-Organic of Fairtrade, isibonelo.

Vikela Umhlaba + Ulwandle (PL+S)

Vikela Umhlaba + Ulwandle (PL+S) isitifiketi esithuthukiswe yi-Haereticus Environmental Laboratory, inhlangano yesayensi engenzi nzuzo ucwaningo lwalo lwaba usizo ku-Hawaii Act 104 kanye nokuvinjelwa okwalandela kwesithako sokuvikela ilanga.

Imikhiqizo eqinisekisiwe ye-PL+S “ihlolwe ilabhorethri kusetshenziswa amasu okuhlaziya ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi umkhiqizo awunawo amakhemikhali aku-'HEL List'." Lolu hlu lugqamisa amakhemikhali aziwa njengokungcola, okuhlanganisa ama-microbeads, ama-nanoparticles, i-oxybenzone, i-octinoxate nama-parabens amaningi.

I-Reef Friendly 

I-Biorius, ethuthukise izitifiketi ezihlanganisa i-Vegan, Ubuhle obuhlanzekile ne-GMO-free, yethule isitifiketi se-Reef Friendly.

Ukuze uqinisekiswe, umkhiqizo wezimonyo kufanele ungabi nezithako ezimbalwa, okuhlanganisa i-oxybenzone, i-octinoxate, i-parabens, i-triclosan ne-microplastics. Imikhiqizo kufanele yenziwe ngaphandle kwama-nanomaterials, futhi izikhilimu zelanga kufanele zikwazi ukumelana namanzi.

Umngani wolwandle

I-Friend of the Sea nayo inendinganiso yokuvikela ilanga esimeme. Ngalesi sitifiketi sokuqinisekisa isikrini selanga akufanele sakhiwe i-ethylhexyl, i-methoxycinnamate, ne-oxybenzone. Incoma ezinye izithako, okuhlanganisa i-octisalate, i-octocrylene ne-butylparaben, ukuthi zingafakwa ekwakhiweni.

Njengoba izitifiketi eziphephile olwandle zingakabonwa njengezibalulekile ekuthengeni, amabhrendi amaningi asebenzisa izithonjana zawo eziphephile olwandle noma ezilungele ulwandle ukuze abonise ukuthi imikhiqizo ayinawo amakhemikhali athile. Lokhu kuhlelwa ukuthi kushintshe njengoba abathengi befunda kakhulu, futhi ukuthola izitifiketi kuzoba yinto elindelwe maduze.

Nakuba izitifiketi zingeyona impendulo ngokwakho, ukwenza ngokuvumelana nazo kubonisa ukuzibophezela ekuboniseni izinto obala nokongiwa kwemvelo.

Qaphela 'i-bluewashing'

'I-Bluewashing' iyisimiso esifanayo nokuwashwa ngokuluhlaza kodwa sisebenza ezicelweni zokuphepha olwandle. Uma kubhekwa iqiniso lokuthi amagama afana 'nokuphepha kolwandle' nelithi 'i-reef-friendly' awacacile futhi akachazwanga ngokusemthethweni, kungase kube lula ukuwela ogibeni lokuwasha, okungaba nemiphumela emibi kakhulu yomkhiqizo.

Imikhiqizo enyusa izimangalo zokusimama noma edukisa abathengi ingabhekana nezinyathelo zomthetho. Ngaleso sikhathi, kuthinta izinqumo zokuthenga kwabathengi. U-48% wabathengi base-UK bangathenga umkhiqizo noma isevisi yomkhiqizo kancane ngangokunokwenzeka uma becabanga ukuthi inkampani ayiphili ngokuvumelana nezimangalo zokusimama, kuyilapho u-70% wabathengi emhlabeni wonke uthi ukukwazi ukwethemba umkhiqizo kubaluleke kakhulu manje kunangaphambili.

Ibhrendi esolwa ngokwenza i-bluewashing ingase idlale ngokweqile ukuphepha noma ukusimama komkhiqizo wayo. Isibonelo, isikrini selanga singase sibe nelebula ephephile olwandle kodwa siphinde sifake ama-nanoparticles ekwakhiweni kwaso. Ukuze ugweme i-bluewashing, ukucacisa nokuthatha umbono ophelele wemikhiqizo kuyadingeka. Izimangalo eziphephile olwandle kufanele zisekelwe ngesitifiketi noma incazelo yokuthi yini ngempela eyenza umkhiqizo uphephe olwandle.

'Ukuphepha kolwandle' kungase kube negama elibanzi kakhulu, ngakho cacisa.

Ezinye izithako zokuvikela ilanga

Ngokungafani nezinye izithako eziyinkinga njenge-mica noma i-sandalwood, efiselekayo kodwa engabalulekile, awukwazi ukuvele ususe ama-sunscreens emisebenzini. Umdlavuza wesikhumba ungumdlavuza we-19 ovamile emhlabeni wonke, kanti umdlavuza wesikhumba ongeyona i-melanoma ungowesihlanu ovame ukuba khona. Kubalulekile ukuthi kunikezwe ezinye izindlela eziphephile endaweni ukuze abathengi bakwazi ukuzivikela kanye nemvelo.

Kulabo abafuna ukugwema uhlu olunwetshiwe lwamakhemikhali anamandla okulimaza indawo ezungezile, ukwakheka kwe-sunscreen yamaminerali okuqukethe i-zinc oxide, i-titanium dioxide, noma kokubili inketho. Ngokungafani nama-sunscreens amakhemikhali, ama-sunscreens amaminerali anikeza umgoqo womzimba; kanjalo, baziwa ngokushiya umlingisi omhlophe okungase kungafuneki kubathengi.

I-Zinc oxide ne-titanium oxide nanoparticles ingcono kakhulu ekugwemeni lokhu kukhishwa okumhlophe; kodwa-ke, njengoba sesixoxile kakade, lezi akubhekwa njengephephile olwandle ngaphansi kwezinye izitifiketi njengoba zinganqwabelana kuma-coral reef ecosystem. Ngakho-ke, ukwakheka okuphephe kakhulu olwandle kufaka phakathi i-zinc oxide ethi 'non-nano' ne-titanium oxide.

Amabhrendi asebenzela izindlela zokwenza izikhilimu zelanga zamaminerali ezifiseleka kakhulu ezigwema ukufakwa okumhlophe. Isibonelo, i-Australian Gold ingeza i-tint ukusiza ukuhlanganisa.

Ingabe zikhona ezinye izinketho?

Iphepha elanyatheliswa kuyi-Nature Scientific Reports ngoMeyi 2021 lembula i-methylene eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, “umuthi oseneminyaka eyikhulu ubudala kanye nodayi waselabhorethri,” inamandla okubhekwa njengesithako sokuvikela ilanga esisebenzayo. Umsebenzi wabo usikisela ukuthi inezimfanelo eziningana ezifiselekayo eziyenza ibe yisithako esithembisayo sezinto zokuvikela ilanga ezibonakala zingenangozi ezixhotsheni zamakhorali.

Imikhiqizo kufanele ihlale inolwazi lwakamuva ngocwaningo olusha lwezithako eziningi eziphephile olwandle ezizosetshenziswa kumakhilimu elanga.

Yini enye imikhiqizo yobuhle engayenza ukusiza ukusindisa izilwandle?

Ukwakheka okuphephile olwandle kungasiza ekuvimbeleni ukulimala okwengeziwe olwandle futhi kufanele kube okuhamba phambili kuzo zonke izinhlobo zobuhle; nokho, abakwazi ukuhlehlisa umonakalo okhona. Ngokunikela noma ngokubambisana nenhlangano esiza abantulayo noma engenzi nzuzo, amabhrendi angasiza ukubuyisela imvelo yasolwandle ngenkathi yakhela ukwethembeka komkhiqizo futhi ithuthukisa ukuthengisa.

Ucwaningo olwenziwa yi-Mintel luthole ukuthi ukupha kwenkampani kuthinta u-73% wezinqumo zokuthenga zabantu baseMelika, kuyilapho ingxenye ingashintshela ohlotsheni olusekela injongo abakholelwa kuyo (ekhuphukela ku-61% ezizukulwaneni ezincane). U-65% wabantu ukholelwa ukuthi kuwumthwalo wenkampani ukubuyisela.

Isinyathelo esilandelayo ebuhleni obuphephile olwandle

Umthetho usavela futhi ukhawulelwe ezimakethe kuphela uma kuziwa ebuhleni obuphephile olwandle, kodwa isidingo sabathengi siphezulu emhlabeni jikelele. Kubalulekile ukuba seqhulwini endabeni ephephile olwandle uma kuziwa emikhiqizweni yobuhle. Uma uthatha isinyathelo kuqala futhi ubeke imvelo kuqala uzokwakha ukwethemba umkhiqizo wakho.

Bonisa ubuholi ngokubeka phambili impilo yasolwandle ngaphambi kokuba umthetho ukusho. Cabanga ngale kwezithako ezimbalwa eziphethe ingxoxo njengamanje futhi usebenzele emikhiqizweni evikela indawo ezungezile kuzo zonke izinhlangothi - cabangela zonke izithako ezingaphakathi kokwakheka kwakho futhi ukhumbule ezinye izici ezifana nokupakisha. Qinisekisa imikhiqizo yakho ukuze uchaze kahle ukuthi kusho ukuthini ukuphepha olwandle kumkhiqizo wakho kuyilapho ukhumbula i-bluewashing. Kubalulekile ukuthi ucace futhi ube sobala mayelana nezinhloso zakho zemvelo kanye nezithako ezisetshenziswa emikhiqizweni yakho. Okokugcina, yenza okungaphezu kwalokho ukuze wenze umehluko ngokusebenzisana nenhlangano yasolwandle noma engenzi nzuzo ezinikele ekuthuthukiseni impilo yasolwandle.