Amandla Elanga Ezindawo Zokuhlala: Iluphi Uhlelo Olungcono Kakhulu

Amasistimu e-solar ezindawo zokuhlala athola ukuduma ngenxa yokushoda kwamandla emhlabeni jikelele kanye nezindleko ezikhulayo. Lesi sihloko sibheka izinhlobo zezinhlelo ezitholakalayo nokuthi zifaneleka kuphi.

Okuqukethwe
Izifunda zomhlaba wonke ezinokutshalwa kwezimali okucebile kumandla elanga
Emhlabeni jikelele, sikuphi i-solar isixazululo esisebenzayo?
Amazwe anamandla amakhulu okusebenzisa amandla elanga
Izinhlobo ezintathu zamasistimu elanga namakhasimende azo ahlosiwe
Izinhlelo ze-solar zokuhlala ziyi-investimenti eqhubekayo

Izifunda zomhlaba wonke ezinokutshalwa kwezimali okucebile kumandla elanga 

Ukuthengiswa kwengqalasizinda yelanga kuye kwanda ezindaweni eziningi emhlabeni. Lokhu ikakhulukazi kudalwe ukukhuphuka kwezindleko zamandla kanye nengqalasizinda entekenteke.

I-China ihamba phambili mayelana nengqalasizinda ye-solar efakiwe. Lokhu kungenxa yokwanda kwamapulazi elanga ezindaweni ezikude, okunciphisa izinkinga ezinkulu zaseChina zokungcoliswa komoya. 

Ngaleso sikhathi, i-USA Energy Information Administration ithi ngo-2020, amandla elanga abalwa 3% kagesi isizukulwane e-US, kodwa sibikezela ukuthi lokhu kuzokwenyuka ngo-1% eminyakeni embalwa ezayo futhi kube ngama-20% ngo-2050. 

Mayelana ne-Southeast Asia, imboni yelanga laseVietnam ikhulile 6,000% eminyakeni emibili, okwenza leli zwe libe yithuba elijabulisayo lokutshala izimali lokwandisa amandla elanga.

I-Japan njengamanje iphethe Indawo yesi-4 emhlabeni jikelele amandla avuselelekayo afakiwe nendawo yesi-3 yokukhiqiza amandla elanga afakiwe. Ngaphansi koHlelo Lwe-5th Strategic Energy lwase-Japan, amandla elanga kulindeleke ukuthi ahlinzeke ngo-80% wezidingo zamandla zase-Japan ngo-2050. 

Emhlabeni jikelele, sikuphi i-solar isixazululo esisebenzayo?

Kuyacaca ezindaweni lapho i-solar yamukelwe khona ukuthi akuwona wonke amazwe alufanele lolu hlobo lwamandla avuselelekayo. 

Amazwe ahlangabezana nenye noma zonke lezi zinqubo angamakhandidethi alungile azo imithombo yamandla evuselelekayo njengelanga:

• Amazwe anamahora amade okukhanya kwelanga.
• Amazwe abhekene nengcindezi yamanzi. Ukukhiqiza ugesi kusetshenziswa izinto ezimbiwa phansi kuthatha amanzi amaningi. 
• Izindawo ezinezintambo ezinde zokudlulisela. Ukukhiqiza amandla eziteshini ezinkulu kudinga igridi ukusabalalisa lowo gesi. Izindawo ezikude kanye nezindawo eziyinselele zenza lokhu kubize futhi kube nzima.

Amazwe anamandla amakhulu okusebenzisa amandla elanga

Kunezindawo eziningi lapho umtshali-zimali we-savvy ezothola imakethe elungile yezinhlelo zelanga.

In the Emaphakathi Mpumalanga, ukukhiqizwa kwamandla kusuka imithombo evuselelekayo, ikakhulukazi i-solar, iphindwe kabili kusukela ngo-2010 kuya ku-2020 futhi manje isimi ku-40GW. Ochwepheshe babikezela ukuthi lokhu kuzophinda kuphindwe kabili ngo-2024, okwenza iMpumalanga Ephakathi ibe yithemba elikhangayo amandla elanga. Le ndawo iphinde ithole ukukhanya kwelanga okwanele, futhi izindawo eziningi zasogwadule azinabantu, ngakho ukwakha amapulazi elanga nokuvuna amandla kuyithuba elihle lokutshala imali.   

I-Afrika, i-Asia kanye neNingizimu Melika inamathuba amahle kakhulu wengqalasizinda yelanga. Ukukhiqizwa kwamandla ahlanzekile kubalulekile ukuze kusizwe amazwe amaningi angathuthukile ekunqobeni izinselele zemvelo, ezomnotho, ezempilo nezenhlalo. Lawa mazwe athembele ekuphehleni ugesi osekudala, ontekenteke, ongathembekile, okuvame ukuholela emathubeni ezomnotho alahliwe futhi kushiye abantu bawo bengenazo izindlela zokuthuthukisa impilo yabo. 

I-Australia, njenge-Afrika, i-Asia, neNingizimu Melika, inothe kakhulu ngelanga. Izwe linenani elingathandeki lokukhanya kwelanga unyaka wonke, futhi akhona amathuba okuba amandla avuselelweko ukufakwa kulo lonke izwekazi. Ubude bebanga phakathi kwemiphakathi, ikakhulukazi emaphakathi nezwekazi, kwenza ukuhlanganisa ugesi kube umsebenzi obizayo, ohamba amabanga amade ukuya emiphakathini emincane. Lokhu kwenza ukufakwa kwegridi encane kanye nezindawo zokuhlala zelanga kube isiphakamiso esikhangayo.

I-Europe, nezinselelo zayo ezihambisana nokuvikeleka kwamandla, kanye nokukhathazeka kwezemvelo mayelana nokuphehlwa kwezinto ezimbiwa phansi kanye nezinjongo zokuguquka kwesimo sezulu zaseYurophu, iqhuba ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu kwamandla elanga emazweni aseYurophu.

Ngenkathi Iziwe Ezihlangene, amanani entengo kagesi aphezulu akhathaza abaninikhaya abaningi. Izakhamizi zaseNew England zibhekane nokukhuphuka ngo-96%, kanti abantu baseNew York bakhokha ngo-124% ngaphezu kwango-2021. Amaphrojekthi elanga amancane amandla angaphansi kuka-1MW manje ahlinzeka ngogesi ongaphezu kuka-50GW, okuwukukhuphuka ngo-19% kunonyaka odlule. Lezi zitshalo ezincane manje zikhiqiza cishe u-1% wamandla ewonke e-USA futhi ziyindawo elungele ukutshalwa kwezimali.

Izinhlobo ezintathu zamasistimu elanga namakhasimende azo ahlosiwe

Amasistimu angaphandle kwegridi

Ngokombiko othile Umbiko weBhange Lomhlaba lango-2022, umkhakha welanga le-off-grid ulinganiselwa ukuthi uyisixazululo esingenzeka futhi esingabizi kakhulu ukuxhuma amaphesenti angama-55 amakhaya angaxhumekile emhlabeni. Imakethe yelanga engaphandle kwegridi ilinganiselwa ku-$2.8 billion ngonyaka. Abaholi bezimakethe kulo mkhakha bathole ukwethenjwa abatshalizimali abasha njengoba ukufakwa ngaphandle kwegridi kufinyelela enzuzweni. Ingqalasizinda eyakhiwe yizinkampani ze-solar ngaphandle kwegridi inamandla okuvula izindawo ezinkulu ezindaweni ezingakathuthukisiwe, yanelisa isidingo sabathengi samandla kanye nokubeka izisekelo zokukhula kwesikhathi esizayo.

Izici zesistimu engaphandle kwegridi

Amasistimu angaphandle kwegridi aqukethe amaphaneli elanga, ama-inverter akhethekile angaphandle kwegridi, namaphakethe ebhethri. Amabhethri agcina amandla anele ukuze anelise izidingo zokufakwa kwenani elilindelekile lezinsuku ngemisebe yelanga empofu. 

Ubani ongathenga isistimu engaphandle kwegridi?

Abathengi balezi zinhlelo bangabalimi, abanikazi bezindawo zokuhlala, kanye nabantu abahlala ezindaweni ezikude njengamaqembu ocwaningo kanye nokumba imivubukulo.

Imaphi amasistimu angaphandle kwegridi alingana kahle?

Amasistimu amancane kuya kohlobo oluphakathi afika nama-inverter ahlinzekayo 3kW kufika ku-50kW, ngakho ukukhetha uhlelo olulungile kuncike ekuchazeni ngokunembile izidingo zamandla eklayenti. 

Amasistimu akugridi

Amasistimu elanga akugridi athola ukuduma kancane kancane njengendlela yokukhiqiza amandla avuselelekayo futhi awafake kugridi yamandla asetshenziswayo.

Inkinga yamanje kagesi emhlabeni wonke isiphinde yagqamisa indima ebalulekile yamandla avuselelekayo emkhakheni wezamandla. Lokhu kuveza ithuba elisebenzayo lokutshalwa kwezimali kubatshalizimali ukuthi bathenge amasistimu angaphandle kwegridi ukuze bawasebenzise futhi badayisele amandla engeziwe kunsiza yendawo. 

Izici zesistimu ekugridi

Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zamasistimu akugridi. Uhlelo lokuqala luqukethe amaphaneli elanga, ama-inverter, namabhethri. Lolu hlelo lukhiqiza amandla esakhiweni, futhi amandla adlulele adayiselwa insiza.

Uhlobo lwesibili luqukethe amabhethri kanye ne-inverter. Lezi zinhlelo zisezingeni eliphezulu emazweni athuthukile, ngezindleko eziguquguqukayo ngeyunithi ngayinye yamandla usuku lonke. Amabhethri ashajwa kusetshenziswa amandla ashibhile, ngokuvamile ngezikhathi zasekuseni, abese esetshenziselwa ukwengeza igridi phakathi namahora aphakeme kakhulu lapho ugesi ubiza kakhulu.

Ubani ongathenga isistimu ekugridi?

Abasebenzisi bezinhlelo ze-on-grid bangosonkontileka bephrojekthi noma abatshalizimali bamandla abafuna ukukhulisa ukutshalwa kwezimali ekukhiqizweni kukagesi. 

Imaphi amasistimu akugridi alingana kahle?

Amakhithi amancane akugridi akhona enhle kakhulu emakethe yokuhlala futhi ziqondile ukuzifaka ngokuphazamisa okuncane kukhasimende. Ngaphandle kwalokho, kulawo makhasimende afuna ukukhulisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ashibhile ngezikhathi eziphakeme kakhulu, kukhona amasistimu asekelwe ebhethri lokho kuzohlangabezana nalezi zidingo ngokuphelele.

Osonkontileka bazobheka amakhithi amancane akugridi akhona enhle kakhulu emakethe yokuhlala. Iphrojekthi izoqasha ngempumelelo uphahla lwendlu ngokulufaka ezindlini zokuhlala. Amandla akhiqizwayo ayobe esefakwa kugridi kamasipala nemali engenayo yalawo mandla omsebenzi. 

Amasistimu amaHybrid

Amasistimu we-Hybrid anikeza umthengi okungcono kakhulu kuyo yomibili imihlaba. Lezi zinhlelo zixhuma kugridi kanye namaphaneli elanga kodwa zivumela ukwehlukana phakathi kwemithombo emibili yamandla. Ama-inverter amaningi ayi-hybrid avumela amandla ukuthi athunyelwe esuka ku-inverter abuyele kugridi, ngokufanayo nalawo ashiwo ngenhla. 

Izici zesistimu ye-hybrid

Njengoba sekushiwo, lezi zinhlelo zivumela umthengi amandla angcono kakhulu elanga kanye namandla asekelwe kugridi.

Amasekhethi athile angasethwa ukuze adonse amandla endaweni yelanga kuqala, kodwa uma lingekho ilanga, lezi zisekhethi ziphakelwa kusuka kugridi. Amanye amasekethe angaphakelwa kuphela kugridi. Amasistimu anjalo angaphinda afake amabhethri ukuze anike amandla amasekhethi elanga lapho igridi ingatholakali.

Ubani ongathenga uhlelo oluyingxube?

Lolu hlobo lwesistimu lulungele noma yiliphi ibhizinisi elincane noma eliphakathi nendawo endaweni ethuthukisiwe.

Imaphi ama-hybrid systems alingana kahle?

Lezi zinhlelo zikhangiswa kubathengi ezindaweni ezinegridi ethuthukisiwe. I amasistimu amancane kububanzi obungu-5-8kW alungele imindeni lapho abathengi befuna ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla, babe nokuhlinzekwa okuqhubekayo ngesikhathi sokunqamuka kukagesi, noma ukunciphisa i-carbon footprint yabo.

Ziningi izindawo lapho sekuqaliswe khona uxhaso lokuthenga ugesi. Lezi zindawo zilungele izinhlelo ze-hybrid zasendlini. Abasebenzisi bezindawo zokuhlala ngokuvamile bazothenga amasistimu phakathi kwebanga elingu-10kw, kuyilapho abasebenzisi bezentengiselwano nabezimboni bazoba nezidingo eziphakeme kakhulu zokuphehla amandla nokugcinwa. 

Amandla elanga okuhlala: umbono womthengi

Ikhithi yelanga evela ku-Chovm.com isho ukuthi abathengi bangakwazi ukumisa ingqalasizinda ngokwabo. Amakhithi aqukethe zonke izinto ezidingekayo ukuze kwakhiwe uhlelo kuze kufike lapho ludinga ukuxhunywa khona enkampanini noma kugesi wasendlini. Ochwepheshe bezogesi abaqeqeshiwe benza kangcono kakhulu lokhu kuxhunywa kokugcina.

Ngokuvamile izinhlobo zamandla ezivuselelekayo zibhekwa njengenye ebizayo esikhundleni samandla egridi. Kodwa cishe wonke amazwe akhuthaza ukufakwa kwamandla elanga anohlobo oluthile lwesikhuthazo sokusebenzisa le ndlela ehlukile yokukhiqiza amandla. Lokhu kuza ngezibonelelo noma amandla okuthengisa umthamo oweqile enkampanini yendawo. 

Imiphi imikhakha yezohwebo ethenga ukufakwa kwe-solar yokuhlala?

Nge-boom ekufakweni kwe-solar, izifaki zamandla elanga zihlala zifuna abahlinzeki abathembekile abangahlinzeka ngamakhithi ngosayizi abahlukahlukene ukuze afanele zonke izinhlelo zokusebenza. Uhlu olubanzi lwamakhithi ku-Alibab.com luzohambisana nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezibanzi njengezolimo, ezasolwandle, ezasekhaya, ezokuvakasha, nezokuthengisa. 

Abatshalizimali abahambisana nesimo sezulu bamagange ukungena kule ngxenye yemakethe njengoba i-off-grid solar ihambisana namasu abo ezomnotho, ezenhlalo, kanye nemvelo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa amapaki amahhovisi, amahhotela, izinxanxathela zezitolo, nezimboni ezincane.

Amasistimu amakhulu akugridi azoheha kubatshalizimali abafuna ukwandisa ukusetshenziswa kwabo amandla elanga bese uthengisa amandla engeziwe ezinkampanini zasendaweni. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ama-hybrid systems, njengalawo aku- 50kW ububanzi, ingahlalisa amabhizinisi amancane okukhiqiza nawokuhweba.

Ukufakwa kwe-hybrid enkulu ye 100kW noma 200kW nazo ziyatholakala. Lezi zinhlelo zingamataniswa kahle nezitshalo zokupakisha zezolimo, amagumbi apholile, amafekthri amancane, namapaki amahhovisi. Ukusiza amazwe asathuthuka izinhlangano eziningi zosizo zamazwe ngamazwe, njenge-US Agency for International Development (USAID), zinezinhlelo eziningi zokusekela ukufakwa kwamandla kagesi elanga kwezolimo, ezezimayini, nezohwebo. 

Izinhlelo ze-solar zokuhlala ziyi-investimenti eqhubekayo

Ukukhiqizwa kwamandla embulungeni yonke kubhekene nokushintshashintsha kwesimo sezulu ngalesi sikhathi, njengoba ukukhiqizwa kwamandla kagesi okudala ukuphehlwa kwezinto ezimbiwa phansi kuyayekiswa ukuze kutholakale izinhlobo zamandla avuselelekayo. 

Lokhu kubeka i-solar phambili kanye nendawo emaphakathi yezinhlelo zamazwe amaningi. Kuyinketho ephephile futhi edumile ngokwendawo ezungezile, enezibonelelo kanye nemihlomulo etholakalayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe umnyakazo oqhubekayo oya emandleni avuselelekayo.

I-Chovm.com iphethe i-a anhlobonhlobo amasistimu ongakhetha kukho. Vakashela i-showroom noma ubheke okunye kwalokhu blogs ukuze ufunde kabanzi mayelana nezinhlelo zamandla elanga.