Amabhethri e-Sodium-Ion - Enye Indlela Esebenzayo Ye-Lithium?

Ngenkathi amanani ebhethri ye-lithium ion ehla futhi, inzalo kusitoreji samandla we-sodium ion (Na-ion) ayikancipha. Ngokukhuphuka komhlaba wonke kwamandla okukhiqiza amaseli okuqhubekayo, akukacaci ukuthi lobu buchwepheshe obuthembisayo bungakwazi yini ukulinganisa isikali ekuhlinzekweni nasekufuneni. UMarija Maisch uyabika.

Amabhethri e-sodium ion abhekene nesikhathi esibucayi sokudayiswa njengoba izimboni kusukela ezimotweni kuya ekugcinweni kwamandla zibheja ezinkulu kubuchwepheshe. Abakhiqizi bebhethri abasunguliwe kanye nabasanda kungena bayaphithizela ukuthola kusuka elebhu kuya kwendwangu ngenye indlela esebenzayo ye-lithium ion. Ngezinga lakamuva lokuhamba kukagesi nokugcina umile, ubuchwepheshe obusha kufanele bunikeze izinzuzo ezifakazelwe. I-sodium ion ibukeka ibekwe kahle, inokuphepha okuphezulu, izindleko zempahla eluhlaza, kanye nemininingwane yemvelo.

Amadivayisi we-sodium ion awadingi izinto ezibucayi, athembele ku-sodium eningi esikhundleni se-lithium, futhi ayikho i-cobalt noma i-nickel. Njengoba amanani entengo e-lithium ion enyuka ngo-2022, phakathi kokubikezelwa kokushoda kwezinto ezibonakalayo, i-sodium ion yaqanjwa njengembangi futhi inzalo ihlala iqinile, njengoba amanani e-lithium ion eseqale ukwehla futhi.

"Okwamanje silandelela u-335.4 GWh wokukhiqiza i-sodium ion cell cell kuze kufike ku-2030, sigqamisa ukuthi kusekukhulu ukuzibophezela kwezobuchwepheshe," kusho u-Evan Hartley, umhlaziyi ophezulu we-Benchmark Mineral Intelligence.

NgoMeyi 2023, umeluleki ozinze eLondon wayelandelele i-150 GWh kuya ku-2030.

Yalutho

Amaseli e-sodium ion, akhiqizwa esikalini, angase ashibhe ngo-20% kuya ku-30% kune-lithium ferro/iron-phosphate (LFP), ubuchwepheshe bebhethri bokugcina obungamile, ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yobuningi be-sodium kanye nezindleko eziphansi zokukhipha kanye nokuhlanza. Amabhethri e-sodium ion angasebenzisa i-aluminium kumqoqi wamanje we-anode esikhundleni sethusi - asetshenziswa ku-lithium ion - okuqhubeka nokunciphisa izindleko kanye nezingozi ze-supply chain. Nokho, lokho konga kusengenzeka.

"Ngaphambi kokuthi amabhethri e-sodium ion akwazi ukubekela inselele amabhethri e-lead ekhona kanye ne-lithium iron phosphate, abadlali bezimboni bazodinga ukunciphisa izindleko zobuchwepheshe ngokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwezobuchwepheshe, ukusungula amaketanga okuhlinzeka, nokufeza umnotho wezinga eliphezulu," kusho uShazan Siddiqi, umhlaziyi wezobuchwepheshe ophezulu enkampanini yocwaningo lwemakethe yase-United Kingdom, i-IDTechEx. “Inzuzo yezindleko ze-Na-ion itholakala kuphela uma isikali sokukhiqiza sifinyelela esikalini sokukhiqiza esiqhathaniswa namaseli ebhethri e-lithium ion. Futhi, ukwehla kwentengo okwengeziwe kwe-lithium carbonate kunganciphisa inzuzo yentengo enikezwa yi-sodium.”

I-sodium ion mancane amathuba okuthi ithathe indawo ye-lithium ion ezinhlelweni ezibeka phambili ukusebenza okuphezulu, futhi esikhundleni salokho izosetshenziselwa ukugcina umile kanye nezimoto ezincane zikagesi. Abahlaziyi be-S&P Global balindele ukuthi i-lithium ion inikeze u-80% wemakethe yamabhethri ngo-2030, nama-90% alawo madivayisi asekelwe ku-LFP. I-sodium ion ingenza u-10% wemakethe.

Izinqumo ezifanele

Abacwaningi baye bacabangela i-sodium ion kusukela phakathi nekhulu lama-20 futhi intuthuko yakamuva ihlanganisa ukuthuthukiswa kwamandla okugcina kanye nomjikelezo wokuphila wedivayisi, kanye nezinto ezintsha ze-anode ne-cathode. I-sodium ion inamandla kunezakwabo ze-lithium, ngakho-ke amaseli e-sodium ion ane-voltage ephansi kanye ne-gravimetric ephansi kanye ne-volumetric energy density.

I-sodium ion gravimetric energy density okwamanje icishe ibe ngu-130 Wh/kg kuya ku-160 Wh/kg, kodwa kulindeleke ukuthi ibe phezulu ku-200 Wh/kg ngokuzayo, ngaphezu komkhawulo wethiyori wamadivayisi e-LFP. Ngokwemibandela yokuminyana kwamandla, nokho, amabhethri e-sodium ion angaba no-1 kW/kg, ngaphezulu kune-nickel-manganese-cobalt's (NMC) 340W/kg kuya ku-420 W/kg kanye ne-LFP's 175 W/kg kuya ku-425 W/kg.

Nakuba impilo yedivayisi ye-sodium ion yemijikelezo engu-100 kuya kwengu-1,000 iphansi kune-LFP, umthuthukisi wase-India u-KPIT ubike isikhathi sokuphila esinokugcinwa kwamandla angu-80% emijikelezweni engu-6,000 - kuncike kumakhemikhali eseli - uma kuqhathaniswa namadivayisi e-lithium ion.

"Akukabikho ikhemistri ewinayo phakathi kwamabhethri e-sodium ion," kusho uSiddiqi we-IDTechEx. "Imizamo eminingi ye-R&D iyenziwa ukuze kutholwe izinto ezisebenzayo ze-anode/cathode ezivumela ukuqina ngale kwesiteji selebhu."

Ebhekise kunhlangano yesayensi yezokuphepha ezinze e-United States, i-Underwriter Laboratories, uSiddiqi wengeze ngokuthi “ukumiswa kwe-UL kwamaseli e-sodium ion kusenesikhathi futhi lokhu kwenza ama-OEM [abakhiqizi bemishini yasekuqaleni] bangabaze ukuzinikela kulobo buchwepheshe.”

I-Prussian white, i-polyanion, ne-layer oxide amakhandidethi e-cathode anezinto ezishibhile kunozakwabo be-lithium ion. Eyangaphambili, esetshenziswa yi-Northvolt kanye ne-CATL, itholakala kabanzi futhi ishibhile kodwa inomthamo ophansi wevolumu yamandla. Inkampani yase-United Kingdom iFaradion isebenzisa i-layed oxide, ethembisa ukuminyana kwamandla aphezulu kodwa ehlushwa ukufiphala kwamandla ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. I-Tiamat yaseFrance isebenzisa i-polyanion, ezinzile kodwa ene-vanadium enobuthi.

"Iningi labakhiqizi bamaseli abahlela umthamo webhethri ye-sodium ion bazosebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-layer oxide cathode," kusho i-Benchmark's Hartly. “Eqinisweni, u-71% wamapayipi [amaseli] ane-layed oxide. Ngokufanayo, u-90.8% wepayipi le-sodium ion cathode liyi-layed oxide.

Nakuba ama-cathodes ewumshayeli wezindleko eziyinhloko we-lithium ion, i-anode iyisakhi esibiza kakhulu kumabhethri e-sodium ion. I-Hard carbon iwukukhetha okujwayelekile kwe-sodium ion anode kodwa amandla okukhiqiza asala ngemuva kwamaseli e-sodium ion, akhuphule amanani. Izinto zekhabhoni eqinile zisanda kutholwa ezintweni ezandulela izinhlobonhlobo ezifana nemfucuza yezilwane, udaka lwendle, i-glucose, i-cellulose, izinkuni, amalahle kanye nezinto eziphuma ku-petroleum. I-synthetic graphite, into evamile ye-lithium ion anode, incike cishe kuphela kumanduleli amabili okugcina. Ngochungechunge lwayo lokuhlinzeka oluthuthukayo, ikhabhoni eqinile ibiza kakhulu kunegraphite futhi imele esinye sezithiyo ezibalulekile ekukhiqizeni i-sodium ion cell.

Enciphisa kancane izindleko eziphakeme, amabhethri e-sodium ion abonisa ukubekezelela izinga lokushisa elingcono, ikakhulukazi ezimeni ezingaphansi kukaziro. Ziphephile kune-lithium ion, njengoba zingakhishelwa ku-zero volts, zinciphise ubungozi ngesikhathi sokuhamba nokulahlwa. Amabhethri e-lithium ion ngokuvamile agcinwa cishe ekushajweni okungama-30%. I-sodium ion inengozi yomlilo encane, njengoba ama-electrolyte ayo ene-flashpoint ephakeme - izinga lokushisa elincane lapho ikhemikhali ingahwamuka ukuze yakhe ingxube evutha emoyeni. Ngawo womabili amakhemikhali anesakhiwo esifanayo nezimiso zokusebenza, i-sodium ion ngokuvamile ingafakwa emigqeni yokukhiqiza i-lithium ion kanye nemishini.

Eqinisweni, i-CATL ehamba phambili emhlabeni eyenza amabhethri ihlanganisa i-sodium ion kwingqalasizinda yayo ye-lithium ion kanye nemikhiqizo. Ibhethri layo lokuqala le-sodium ion, elakhululwa ngo-2021, lalinamandla amakhulu angu-160 Wh/kg, elithenjiswe ngu-200 Wh/kg esikhathini esizayo. Ngo-2023, i-CATL yathi umenzi wezimoto waseChina uChery uzoba ngowokuqala ukusebenzisa amabhethri ayo e-sodium ion. U-CATL utshele pv umagazini ngasekupheleni kuka-2023 ukuthi ithuthukise uchungechunge lwezimboni oluyisisekelo lwamabhethri e-sodium ion futhi yasungula ukukhiqizwa okukhulu. Izinga lokukhiqiza nokuthunyelwa kuzoncika ekuqalisweni kwephrojekthi yamakhasimende, kusho i-CATL, yengeza ngokuthi kusekuningi okudingeka kwenziwe ukuze kukhishwe i-sodium ion ezohwebo ngezinga elikhulu. "Sithemba ukuthi yonke imboni izosebenzisana ukukhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kwamabhethri e-sodium ion," kusho umenzi webhethri.

Khokha ku-sodium

NgoJanuwari 2024, umkhiqizi omkhulu wezimoto waseChina kanye nomnikezeli webhethri wesibili ngobukhulu, i-BYD, yathi isiqalile ukwakhiwa kwefektri yebhethri ye-sodium ion ye-CNY 10 (amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-1.4), engu-30 GWh ngonyaka. Okukhiphayo kuzonika amandla amadivayisi "e-micromobility". I-HiNa, ekhishwe e-Chinese Academy of Sciences, ngoDisemba 2022 yayikhiphe umugqa wokukhiqiza ibhethri le-sodium ion yehora legigawatt futhi yamemezela uhla lomkhiqizo webhethri le-Na-ion kanye nesibonelo semoto kagesi.

Umenzi wamabhethri wase-Europe i-Northvolt yethule amaseli ebhethri e-sodium ion angu-160 Wh/kg ngoNovemba 2023. Ithuthukiswe nge-Altris – yaphuma e-Uppsala University, e-Sweden – ubuchwepheshe buzosetshenziswa kudivayisi yokugcina amandla yenkampani yesizukulwane esilandelayo. Ukunikezwa kwamanje kwe-Northvolt kusekelwe kumakhemikhali we-NMC. Ngesikhathi kwethulwa, uWilhelm Löwenhielm, umqondisi omkhulu weNorthvolt wokuthuthukiswa kwebhizinisi ezinhlelweni zokugcina amandla, uthe inkampani ifuna ibhethri eliqhudelana ne-LFP esikalini. "Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ubuchwepheshe kulindeleke ukuthi budlule i-LFP ngokuphawulekayo mayelana nokuncintisana kwezindleko," esho.

I-Northvolt ifuna ibhethri le-"plug-and-play" yokungena emakethe ngokushesha kanye nokukhuphuka. "Imisebenzi ebalulekile yokuletha lobu buchwepheshe emakethe ukukhuphula uchungechunge lokuhlinzekwa kwezinto ezisezingeni lamabhethri, okuyinto eyenziwa yi-Northvolt njengamanje, kanye nozakwethu," kusho u-Löwenhielm.

Abadlali abancane nabo benza okuncane ukuletha ubuchwepheshe be-sodium ion kwezentengiso. I-Faradion, eyatholwa yi-Indian conglomerate Reliance Industries ngo-2021, ithi manje isidlulisela ukwakhiwa kwamaseli esizukulwane esilandelayo ekukhiqizeni. "Senze ubuchwepheshe obusha beselula kanye nezinyathelo zonyawo ezinomthamo omkhulu wamandla angu-20%, futhi sandise ukuphila komjikelezo ngengxenye yesithathu uma kuqhathaniswa nomklamo wethu wamaseli wangaphambilini," kusho i-Chief Executive Officer (CEO) u-Faradion uJames Quinn.

Amaseli esizukulwane sokuqala enkampani abonise ukuminyana kwamandla okungu-160 Wh/kg. Ngo-2022, uQuinn wathi uhlelo lweReliance kwakuwukwakha ifektri ye-sodium ion enamadijithi amabili e-gigawatt eNdiya. Okwamanje, kubonakala sengathi lezo zinhlelo zisasebenza. Ngo-Agasti 2023, uSihlalo we-Reliance u-Mukesh Ambani watshela umhlangano waminyaka yonke wabanikazi bamasheya ukuthi ibhizinisi "ligxile ekuhwebeni ngokushesha kobuchwepheshe bethu bebhethri ye-sodium ion ...

Production

I-Startup Tiamat iqhubekele phambili ezinhlelweni zayo zokuqala ukwakhiwa kwendawo yokukhiqiza engu-5 GWh esifundeni sase-France sase-Hauts-de-France. NgoJanuwari 2024, inyuse ama-euro ayizigidi ezingama-30 (amaRandi ayizigidi ezingama-32.4) ekuxhaseni ngezimali izikweletu futhi yathi ilindele ukuphothula uxhaso lwephrojekthi yezimboni ezinyangeni ezizayo, okulethe yonke imali elinganiselwa ezigidini ezingama-euro ayi-150. Le nkampani, i-spinoff evela e-French National Center for Scientific Research, ekuqaleni izokhiqiza amaseli e-sodium ion wamathuluzi kagesi kanye nezicelo zokulondoloza ezimile efektri yayo, "ukufeza ama-oda okuqala asevele atholiwe." Kamuva izoqondisa ukukhiqizwa okwenyusiwe kwemikhiqizo yesizukulwane sesibili yezinhlelo zokusebenza zemoto kagesi yebhethri.

E-United States, abadlali bezimboni nabo bahlanganisa imizamo yabo yokuthengisa. NgoJanuwari 2024, i-Acculon Energy yamemezela uchungechunge lokukhiqizwa kwamamojula ayo ebhethri ye-sodium ion namaphakethe okusebenza kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza zokugcinwa kwamandla ezimile futhi yethula izinhlelo zokukala ukukhiqizwa kwayo ku-2 GWh maphakathi no-2024. Khonamanjalo, i-Natron Energy, i-spinoff ephuma e-Stanford University, ihlose ukuqala ukukhiqiza amabhethri ayo e-sodium ion ngo-2023. Umgomo wayo kwakuwukwenza amaseli e-sodium ion angu-600 MW esikhungweni somkhiqizi webhethri i-Clarios International ephumayo esikhungweni se-lithium ion Meadowbrook, eMichigan. Ukubuyekezwa kwenqubekelaphambili kunqunyelwe, nokho.

Izimali

Ngo-Okthoba 2023, iPeak Energy yavela noxhaso lwezigidi eziyishumi zamaRandi kanye nethimba labaphathi elihlanganisa izikhulu zangaphambili zaseNorthvolt, Enovix, Tesla, kanye neSunPower. Le nkampani ithe ekuqaleni izongenisa amaseli ebhethri futhi lokho bekungalindelekile ukuthi kushintshe kuze kube sekuqaleni kuka-10. "Udinga cishe isigidi sezigidi zamadola ukuze uthole imboni encane yegigawatt - cabanga ngaphansi kuka-2028 GW," kusho isikhulu esiphezulu sePeak Energy uLandon Mossburg ngesikhathi kwethulwa. "Ngakho-ke indlela esheshayo yokufika emakethe ukwakha uhlelo olunamaseli atholakala kumuntu wesithathu, futhi iChina ukuphela kwendawo yokwakha amandla okuthumela amaseli anele." Ekugcineni, inkampani inethemba lokuthi izofaneleka ukuthola amakhredithi okuqukethwe kwasekhaya ngaphansi koMthetho Wokuncishiswa Kokwehla kwamandla emali wase-US.

Abanye abahlinzeki, njenge-KPIT yase-India, bangene esikhaleni ngaphandle kwezinhlelo zokukhiqiza. Ibhizinisi lesoftware yezimoto nezixazululo zobunjiniyela lembule ubuchwepheshe balo bebhethri le-sodium ion ngoDisemba 2023 futhi laqala ukusesha ozakwethu bokukhiqiza. URavi Pandit, usihlalo we-KPIT, uthe inkampani isungule izinhlobonhlobo eziningi ezinamandla asukela ku-100 Wh/kg kuya ku-170 Wh/kg, futhi okungenzeka afinyelele ku-220 Wh/kg.

"Ngesikhathi siqala ukusebenza kumabhethri e-sodium ion, ukulindela kokuqala kwamandla amakhulu kwakuphansi kakhulu," esho. "Kodwa kule minyaka eyisishiyagalombili edlule amandla kagesi akhuphuka ngenxa yentuthuko ebesiyenza thina nezinye izinkampani." Abanye babheke ubudlelwano bokuhlinzeka. Ngonyaka odlule, iqembu lezobuchwepheshe laseFinland i-Wärtsilä - enye yezihlanganisi zesistimu yokugcina amandla ebhethri ehamba phambili emhlabeni - yathi ifuna ubudlelwano obungaba khona noma ukuthengwa kulo mkhakha. Ngaleso sikhathi, yayibheke ekuhloleni ubuchwepheshe ezindaweni zayo zokucwaninga. "Ithimba lethu lisazibophezele ekulandeleni amathuba amasha mayelana nobuchwepheshe bokugcina amandla ahlukahlukene, njengokufaka amabhethri e-sodium ion ezisombululweni zethu zesikhathi esizayo zokugcina amandla," kusho u-Amy Liu, umqondisi wezokuthuthukiswa kwezixazululo e-Wärtsilä Energy Storage and Optimization, ngoFebhuwari 2024.

Ithuba lokusondeza

Kulandela izimemezelo eziningi zokukhiqiza ngobuningi, amabhethri e-sodium ion manje asendaweni yokwenza noma yokuphumula futhi inzalo yabatshalizimali izonquma isiphetho sobuchwepheshe. Ukuhlaziywa kwemakethe kwe-IDTechEx, okwenziwa ngoNovemba 2023, kuphakamisa ukukhula okulindelekile okungenani okungama-40 GWh ngo-2030, kanye ne-100 GWh eyengeziwe yomthamo wokukhiqiza encike empumelelweni yemakethe ngo-2025.

"Lokhu kuqagela kuba nokukhula okuzayo embonini [yebhethri ye-sodium ion], encike ekuzibophezeleni kwezohwebo phakathi neminyaka embalwa ezayo," kusho uSiddiqi.

I-sodium ion inganikeza elinye futhi ithuba emaketangeni okunikezwa kwamandla ahlanzekile eduze nasosebeni, ngezinto zokusetshenziswa ezidingekayo ezitholakala kalula emhlabeni wonke. Nokho, kubonakala sengathi isitimela sesivele sesiphumile esiteshini.

"Njengezigaba zokuqala zemakethe yebhethri ye-lithium ion, ibhodlela elikhulu embonini yomhlaba wonke kuzoba ukubusa kweChina," kusho uHartley weBenchmark. "Kusukela ngo-2023, u-99.4% we-sodium ion cell umthamo wawuzinze e-China futhi lesi sibalo sibikezelwa kuphela ukuthi sizokwehla sifike ku-90.6% ngo-2030. Njengoba inqubomgomo eYurophu naseNyakatho Melika ifuna ukususa amaketanga ebhethri e-lithium ion kude ne-China, ngenxa yokuthembela ekukhiqizeni kwayo ekhaya, ngakho-ke kuzodingeka ushintsho emakethe yendawo yokuhlinzeka nge-sodium."

Imibono nemibono evezwe kulesi sihloko ngeyombhali ngokwakhe, futhi ayibonisi leyo ephethwe nguye pv umagazini.

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