Izitshalo zamandla elanga sebenzisa insada yamandla elanga futhi sekuyinsika yomkhakha wamandla avuselelekayo. Lezi zikhungo ngokuvamile zihlanganisa izinhlayiya ezinkulu zamaseli e-photovoltaic aguqula ukukhanya kwelanga kube ugesi ngqo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izikhungo zasemadolobheni zinika amandla amandla, amadolobhana akude noma izakhiwo zezimboni, izitshalo zamandla elanga zinikeza umthombo wamandla ongalawuleki futhi oguquguqukayo.
Le ndatshana izonikeza umbono kafushane wezitshalo zamandla elanga bese ingena ezicini ezibalulekile okufanele zicatshangelwe lapho utshala imali ezitshalweni zamandla elanga ngo-2024.
Okuqukethwe
Siyini isizinda samandla elanga?
Ukubunjwa
Ukwahlukanisa
Izimo zohlelo lokusebenza
Yini okufanele uyicabangele lapho ukhetha isitshalo samandla elanga?
Ukusebenza kwezezimali
Amathrendi ezobuchwepheshe
Isiphetho sendaba
Siyini isizinda samandla elanga?
Isikhungo samandla elanga siyisikhungo esisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-solar photovoltaic (PV) noma ubuchwepheshe be-solar thermal (CSP) ukuguqula ukukhanya kwelanga ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile kube ugesi. Ku-PV, isitshalo samandla elanga siqukethe ngokuyinhloko inani elikhulu lamaphaneli elanga athwebula ukukhanya kwelanga futhi aliguqule libe lamanje eliqondile (DC), eliguqulwa libe yi-inverter libe lamanje elishintshayo (AC) elitholakalayo ukuze lisetshenziswe ngokwezentengiselwano noma ekhaya.
Izitshalo zamandla elanga zingasatshalaliswa ukufakwa kwezinga elincane, njengamasistimu elanga aphezu kophahla lwasekhaya, noma amapulazi amakhulu e-solar photovoltaic ahlanganisa amakhulu noma izinkulungwane zamahektare. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izitshalo zamandla ashisayo elanga, ezisebenzisa izibuko ukuze zigxilise imisebe yelanga futhi zishise uketshezi ukuze zikhiqize isitimu, zona ezishayela umshini wokuphehla ugesi ukuze zikhiqize ugesi, zisetshenziswa kakhulu ezimbonini ezinkulu.
Ukwakhiwa nokusebenza kwezitshalo zamandla elanga kuthonywa kakhulu indawo yendawo, izimo zezulu, kanye nenqubomgomo yendawo kanye nezici zomnotho. Izindawo ezifanelekile zokutshala amandla elanga zinemisebe yelanga ephezulu, ukufiphala kwe-topographic ephansi kanye nezimo zezulu ezivumayo.
Ngaphezu kwezici zemvelo, ukubakhona kwezomnotho kuyinhloko ezinqumweni zephrojekthi yesikhungo samandla elanga, okuhlanganisa izindleko zemishini, izindleko zokufakwa nokugcinwa kwazo zisesimweni esihle, amanani okuthengiswa kukagesi, kanye noxhaso olungaba khona lukahulumeni kanye nezinxephezelo zentela.
Njengoba ubuchwepheshe belanga buthuthuka kanye nezindleko ziqhubeka nokuhla, izitshalo zamandla elanga ziba yingxenye ebalulekile yokuhlanganiswa kwamandla omhlaba, okuhlinzeka ngendlela ephumelelayo yokuzuza ukunikezwa kwamandla okusimeme kanye nokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa.
Ukubunjwa
Ukwakhiwa kwesitshalo samandla elanga kuyahlukahluka kuye ngohlobo lobuchwepheshe (i-photovoltaic noma i-thermal) futhi iboniswa ngokwehlukana ngezansi:
Isistimu yokukhiqiza amandla e-Photovoltaic
Iphaneli yelanga (Iphaneli ye-PV): lena ingxenye eyisisekelo kakhulu yesitshalo samandla elanga futhi inesibopho sokuthwebula ukukhanya kwelanga nokuyiguqula ibe yimanje eqondile. Amaphaneli ngokuvamile enziwe nge-silicon, okungaba i-silicon ye-monocrystalline, i-silicon ye-polycrystalline noma ezinye izinto ze-photovoltaic zefilimu encane.
I-Inverter: Iguqula amandla e-DC akhiqizwa amaphaneli elanga abe amandla e-AC ukuze asetshenziswe ezindlini, amabhizinisi noma kugridi. I-inverter ingenye yezingxenye ezibalulekile zesitshalo samandla elanga futhi ithinta ukusebenza kahle okuphelele nokuthembeka kwesistimu.
Isistimu yamarakhi: Isetshenziselwa ukubamba amaphaneli elanga endaweni, okungaguquki noma ukulandelela. I-racking yohlobo lokulandelela ingalungisa i-engeli ngokuhamba kwelanga ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle kokwamukela ukukhanya kwamaphaneli e-PV.
Ibhokisi lokuhlangana kanye nesistimu yokusabalalisa: okuhlanganisa izintambo, amabhokisi okuxhumanisa, amabhodi okusabalalisa, njll., okuyiwona abhekele ukudluliswa nokusabalalisa ugesi.
Isistimu yokuqapha nokulawula: esetshenziselwa ukuqapha isimo sokusebenza sesikhungo sikagesi, okuhlanganisa ukukhiqizwa kwamandla, ukusebenza kwesistimu nokuqapha kokuphepha.
Isistimu yokukhiqiza amandla ashisayo
Umqoqi: ngokuvamile uchungechunge lwezibuko noma amalensi anesibopho sokugxilisa ukukhanya kwelanga kumamukeli. Abaqoqi bangaba ipuleti eliyisicaba, i-parabolic noma izakhiwo zombhoshongo.
Umamukeli: ithola ukukhanya kwelanga okugxilile futhi ikuguqule kube amandla ashisayo, ngokuvamile ngokufudumeza uketshezi (isb, amanzi, uwoyela, noma isixazululo sikasawoti) ukuze ugcine amandla.
Isistimu yokugcina amandla ashisayo: Okubaluleke kakhulu ohlelweni lokuhlanganisa, amandla okugcina amandla ashisayo ukuze asetshenziswe ebusuku noma esimweni sezulu esinamafu athuthukisa ukwethembeka nokuzinza kwesitshalo.
I-Genset: Amandla ashisayo aguqulwa abe isitimu ngokusebenzisa isishintshi sokushisa, esishayela i-turbine nejeneretha ukukhiqiza ugesi.
Uhlelo lokupholisa: Isetshenziselwa ukupholisa isitimu esiphuma ku-turbine bese siphinde sijiye sibe emanzini awuketshezi ukuze sigaywe kabusha.
Ukwahlukanisa
Izitshalo zamandla elanga zingahlukaniswa ikakhulukazi ngesisekelo sohlobo lwazo lobuchwepheshe, ubukhulu kanye nendawo yokufaka. Ngezansi kunezindlela ezimbalwa ezijwayelekile zokuhlukanisa izitshalo zamandla elanga:
Ukuhlukaniswa ngohlobo lobuchwepheshe
Izinhlelo ze-Photovoltaic (Amasistimu e-PV): lolu hlobo lwesitshalo samandla elanga luguqula ukukhanya kwelanga kube ugesi, kusetshenziswa amaphaneli we-solar photovoltaic. Njengamanje iwubuchwepheshe obusetshenziswa kakhulu amandla elanga.
Amasistimu wamandla ashisayo elanga (amasistimu e-CSP): Amandla ashisayo elanga agxilisa ukukhanya kwelanga ezibukweni, ezishisisa uketshezi ukuze kukhiqizwe isitimu, okubuye kukhiqize ugesi ngenjini yesitimu. Amasistimu e-CSP ngokuvamile asetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza amandla elanga amakhulu.
Ukuhlukaniswa ngosayizi
Amasistimu elanga okuhlala: Afakwe ophahleni lwendlu yomuntu ngamunye, mancane ngesilinganiso futhi ajwayele ukusetshenziselwa ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zikagesi zekhaya.
Amasistimu elanga ezentengiselwano: Isetshenziswa emabhizinisini noma ezakhiweni zomphakathi, futhi zilinganiswe phakathi kwezindawo zokuhlala nezinkulu zezitshalo zelanga, futhi zenzelwe ukunciphisa izindleko zikagesi wezohwebo.
Izitshalo zamandla elanga ezisetshenziswayo: Lezi yizitshalo ezinkulu zamandla elanga, ngokuvamile ezihlanganisa amakhulu kuya ezinkulungwaneni zamahektha, futhi zinikeza amandla ngokuqondile kugridi.
Ukuhlelwa ngendawo yokufaka
Izitshalo zamandla elanga abekwe phansi: Kufakwe ngokuqondile phansi, lezi zingaba izitshalo ezinkulu ze-solar photovoltaic noma amandla ashisayo elanga ezindaweni ezivulekile.
Amasistimu elanga asophahleni: Ifakwe ophahleni lwendlu yokuhlala, isakhiwo sezentengiselwano, noma indawo yezimboni, isebenzisa ngokugcwele indawo etholakalayo futhi inciphisa ukusetshenziswa komhlaba.
Isiteshi samandla elanga esintantayo: Kufakwe ebusweni bemithombo yamanzi, njengamachibi, amachibi namachibi okuzalanisa, akuthathi izinsiza zomhlaba ezibalulekile, kuyilapho umphumela wokupholisa ongaphezulu kwamanzi uthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwamaphaneli e-photovoltaic.
Ukuhlukaniswa ngemodi yokusebenza
Izitshalo zamandla elanga ahlanganiswe negridi: Ngokuxhunywe ngokuqondile kugridi yomphakathi, bangaphakela amandla noma bakhiphe amandla kugridi, futhi bafanele amaphrojekthi amaningi okuhweba nesilinganiso sosizo.
Ngaphandle kwegridi: Isebenza ngokuzimela ngaphandle kwegridi futhi ngokuvamile ifakwe isistimu yokugcina ibhethri yezinhlelo zokusebenza ezisezindaweni ezikude noma lapho igridi inganikezeli khona.
Izimo zohlelo lokusebenza
Izitshalo zamandla elanga zinezinhlobonhlobo zezimo zokusebenzisa ezingahlangabezana nezikhathi eziningi, kusukela ekusetshenzisweni kukagesi wasendlini ngezinga elincane kuya kuzidingo zamandla ezimboni ezinkulu. Okulandelayo ezinye zezimo eziyinhloko zokufaka isicelo sezitshalo zamandla elanga:
Ukunikezwa kwamandla okuhlala
Izitshalo zamandla elanga efakwe ophahleni lwendlu noma egcekeni lekhaya kunganikeza amandla ahlanzekile ekhaya, kunciphise ukuthembela kugridi yamandla evamile kanye nethuba lokudayisa amandla kugridi ngokusebenzisa indlela yempendulo yegridi, ukuqaphela ukukwazi ukuzenzela amandla kanye nokunciphisa izikweletu zikagesi.
Amandla ezentengiselwano nezimboni
Amasistimu elanga afakwe ophahleni lwendlu noma emhlabeni ongasetshenzisiwe wezakhiwo zezentengiselwano kanye nezindawo zezimboni zinganciphisa kakhulu izindleko zokusebenza zebhizinisi kuyilapho zilisiza ukuthi lihlangabezane nemigomo yalo yokusimama futhi linciphise i-carbon footprint yalo.
Izinsiza zomphakathi nengqalasizinda
Izitshalo zamandla elanga efakwe ophahleni lwendlu nasezindaweni ezivulekile zezikhungo zomphakathi njengamapaki, izikole, izibhedlela, nezakhiwo zikahulumeni azihlinzeki nje ngokuhlinzeka ngogesi ozinzile, kodwa futhi zisebenza njengemiklamo yokubonisa ukukhombisa ubuchwepheshe bamandla esimeme.
Ukunikezwa kwamandla ezindaweni ezikude nezingazodwa
Ezindaweni ezikude ezingamboziwe igridi, izitshalo zamandla elanga (ikakhulukazi amasistimu angaphandle kwegridi) zinikeza isisombululo samandla esingabizi kakhulu ukuze sinikeze izakhamuzi izibani eziyisisekelo, ukuxhumana, nogesi ophilayo.
Transportation
Izitshalo zamandla elanga zingasetshenziswa futhi kwingqalasizinda yezokuthutha njengeziteshi zokushaja izimoto zikagesi, izibani zasemgwaqweni kanye nezimpawu zethrafikhi, ezikhuthaza uguquko oluluhlaza emkhakheni wezokuthutha.
Yini okufanele uyicabangele lapho ukhetha isitshalo samandla elanga?
Lapho ukhetha a isitshalo samandla elanga, izici eziningana zidinga ukucatshangelwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe iphrojekthi ephumelelayo neyongayo. Ngezansi kukhona okucatshangelwayo okubalulekile nezimo ezisebenzayo:
Indawo kanye nezimo zezulu
Ubude nobukhulu bokukhanya kwelanga: Kungcono ukukhetha indawo enamahora amade okukhanya kwelanga nokukhanya okuphezulu.
Izimo zezulu: Izindawo ezinomswakama kakhulu noma ezinenkungu zinganciphisa ukusebenza kahle kwamaphaneli elanga.
Isimo sezwe: Indawo eyisicaba noma eyehlela kancane ifaneleka kakhulu ukufaka ama-solar panel.
Isidingo sikagesi nokuhlaziywa komthwalo
Imithwalo ephezulu nesigodi: Lungisa ukwakheka kanye nobukhulu bemishini yelanga ukuze kube neziqongo nezigodi zesidingo sikagesi.
Isidingo sokuqhubeka: Ezikhathini lapho kudingeka khona ukunikezwa kwamandla okungaphazamiseki kwamahora angu-24, cabangela ukusetshenziswa kwezitshalo zamandla elanga ngokuhambisana nezinye izinhlobo zamandla, ezifana nemishini yokugcina amandla.
Ukucatshangelwa kwezomnotho
Ukutshalwa kwezimali kokuqala: Cabangela imali yokuqala kanye nezindleko zokwakha iphrojekthi.
Izindleko zokusebenza nokunakekela: Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuhlanza ama-solar panel, ukugcinwa kwesistimu, njll.
Intengo yokuthengisa ugesi nemixhaso: Ohulumeni ezifundeni ezahlukene bangase babe nezinqubomgomo zoxhaso zamaphrojekthi kagesi welanga, futhi nenani lokuthengisa ugesi kufanele licatshangelwe.
Ukukhethwa kobuchwepheshe nokuhlola abahlinzeki
Ukuvuthwa kobuchwepheshe: Khetha amaphaneli elanga avuthiwe futhi athembekile kanye nobuchwepheshe be-inverter.
Isithunzi somhlinzeki: Khetha abahlinzeki bemishini namayunithi okwakha anegama elihle nesevisi yangemuva kokuthengisa.
Ukusebenza kwezezimali
Kulesi sigaba, ukusebenza kahle kwezezimali kokufaka isizinda samandla elanga esisekelwe ku-PV kuboniswa ngezibonelo ezimbili ezilula (zasekhaya kanye nezohwebo). Izinto ezicatshangelwayo ziqukethe lezi zingxenye ezilandelayo:
- Izindleko zokufaka zokuqala kanye nosayizi wesistimu zisethwa ngokusekelwe emazingeni amaphakathi embonini;
- Ukukhiqizwa kukagesi kwaminyaka yonke kuthatha isilinganiso sokusebenza kahle kwezitshalo zamandla elanga, okuhlukahluka kuye ngendawo yendawo kanye nomklamo wesistimu;
- Izintengo zikagesi ezimaphakathi zibonisa inani lokuthengwa kukagesi welanga ezifundeni ezahlukene;
- Izindleko zokusebenza nokulungisa zihlanganisa, kodwa azikhawulelwe, ukuhlola okuvamile, ukuhlanzwa kwama-solar panel, ukushintshwa kwezingxenye ezilimele, njll;
- Izibalo zonyaka zokonga ugesi zisekelwe ekuphehleni kukagesi ngonyaka kanye nesilinganiso samanani kagesi, kanye nezindleko zokuwulungisa.
| Ipharamitha | Indawo yokuhlala encane | Iphrojekthi yezohwebo |
| Izindleko zokufaka zokuqala | I-US $ 11,000 | I-US $ 110,000 |
| Usayizi wesistimu | 10 kW | 100 kW |
| Ukukhiqiza amandla ngonyaka | ~14,000kWh | ~140,000kWh |
| Isilinganiso senani likagesi | US$0.17/kWh | US$0.13/kWh |
| Izindleko zokusebenza nokunakekela | I-US $ 100 / ngonyaka | I-US $ 1000 / ngonyaka |
| Ukuphila kwesistimu | iminyaka 25 | iminyaka 25 |
| Ukonga kwezindleko zikagesi ngonyaka | I-US $ 2,400 | I-US $ 18,000 |
| Isamba sezindleko zikagesi ezonga eminyakeni engama-25 | I-US $ 60,000 | I-US $ 45,0000 |
| Ingqikithi yokonga | I-US $ 46,500 | I-US $ 315,000 |
Amathrendi ezobuchwepheshe
Isitshalo samandla elanga ubuchwepheshe buthuthuka ngokushesha, bubonisa amathrendi ambalwa aphawulekayo abonisa izikhombisi-ndlela zesikhathi esizayo kanye nezinto ezintsha ezingaba khona emkhakheni welanga. Ngezansi amathrendi abalulekile kubuchwepheshe bamanje besikhungo samandla elanga:
Ukwandisa ukusebenza kahle
Abacwaningi nabakhiqizi bayaqhubeka nokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokuguqulwa kwamaseli elanga namamojula ngokusebenzisa izinto ezintsha nezinto ezintsha zobuchwepheshe. Isibonelo, ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe obufana namaseli elanga e-chalcogenide kanye namaseli elanga e-multi-junction abonisa amandla okudlula amangqamuzana endabuko asekelwe ku-silicon futhi aguqule amandla elanga abe ngugesi ngokuphumelelayo.
Ukunciphisa izindleko
Nakuba izindleko zokwakha kanye nokusebenza kwezitshalo zamandla elanga zehle kakhulu, ezinye izindleko zokunciphisa zisewumgomo obalulekile embonini. Izindleko zokwakha kanye nokunakekelwa kwezitshalo zamandla elanga zingancishiswa ngokwengeziwe ngokunyusa ukukhiqizwa, ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza, kusetshenziswa izinto ezishibhile kanye nokuthuthukisa ukwakheka kohlelo.
Ukuhlanganisa kanye nokusebenza okuningi
Izitshalo zamandla elanga ziya ziba zihlangene futhi zinemisebenzi eminingi. Isibonelo, ubuchwepheshe be-photovoltaic obuhlanganisiwe besakhiwo (i-BIPV) buhlanganisa amaseli elanga abe yizinto zokwakha, kokubili ukukhiqiza ugesi nanjengengxenye yesakhiwo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlanganiswa kwezitshalo zamandla elanga nezinhlelo zokugcina amandla kuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwamandla futhi kuthuthukisa ukuzinza nokuthembeka kokunikezwa kwamandla.
Ihlakaniphile nedijithali
Ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe bedijithali kuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle nokusebenza kokusebenza nokugcinwa kwesizinda samandla elanga. Ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-inthanethi Yezinto (IoT), idatha enkulu kanye nezibalo ze-Artificial Intelligence (AI), izitshalo zamandla elanga zingafinyelela ukuqapha okukude, ukuxilongwa kwamaphutha okuhlakaniphile kanye nokunakekelwa okubikezelwayo ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kwezitshalo nokusebenza kahle kwezomnotho.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwamagridi okusabalalisa kanye nama-microgrid
Izitshalo zamandla elanga ziya ngokuya zididiyelwa kumagridi okusabalalisa kanye nama-microgrid ukuhlinzeka ngezixazululo zamandla asabalalisiwe. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kungathuthukisa ukuguquguquka kwegridi kanye nokungavikeleki ekuphazamiseni, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezikude nemiphakathi emincane, futhi kunikeze amandla ukwanelisa amandla ngama-microgrid elanga.
Isiphetho sendaba
Izitshalo zamandla elanga, njengezikhungo ezibamba futhi ziguqule amandla elanga abe ngugesi, ziyakwazi ukunikeza amandla ahlanzekile, avuselelekayo ezimweni ezihlukahlukene, kusukela ezakhiweni zokuhlala nezokuhwebelana kuya ekuhlinzekeni kukagesi kwezolimo nezindawo ezikude, kanye nokugcinwa kwamandla amakhulu kanye nezinhlelo zokumisa amandla.
Ngokusekelwa kwenqubomgomo kanye nokuqwashisa komphakathi okwandisiwe, ukusetshenziswa kwezitshalo zamandla elanga kuzokhula ukuze kunikeze izixazululo zamandla ahlanzekile emhlabeni jikelele. Okokugcina, uma ungathanda ukufaka iplanti yamandla elanga yekhaya lakho noma ibhizinisi, sicela uvakashele lokhu isixhumanisi.
