Ukuqonda i-Incoterms 2023: Imigomo Yokuthumela Ngamazwe Iyachazwa

Noma nini lapho umthengi noma umdayisi efisa ukuhambisa izimpahla zakhe kwamanye amazwe uzodinga ukuthola umthumeli wempahla ofanele ukuze abaphathele ukuthutha, ngaphansi kwemigomo nemibandela ebafanele kakhulu.  

Kunezigaba eziningi zenqubo yokuthumela ngomkhumbi kusukela ekuthathweni koqobo kuye ekulethweni lapho uya khona, futhi kubalulekile ukuthi bonke abathintekayo bacace ngokuphelele ukuthi izibopho zikuphi esigabeni ngasinye senqubo yokuthumela. Lesi sihloko sizochaza yonke imigomo yohwebo echazwe ekuthunyelweni ukuze kuboniswe ukuthi izibopho zikuphi esimweni ngasinye, ukuze abathengi nabathengisi bacace ngezibopho zabo lapho behlela ukuthunyelwa.

Okuqukethwe
Iyini imigomo ye-Incoterms® 2020 yokuhweba?
Yini engahlanganiswa nemibandela yohwebo ye-Incoterms®?
I-Incoterms ichazwe ngokuningiliziwe
Amaphoyinti ayisihluthulelo okufanele akhumbule

Iyini imigomo ye-Incoterms® 2020 yokuhweba?

Imigomo yohwebo esetshenziselwa ukuthengiselana ngemikhumbi yamazwe ngamazwe ichazwa yi- I-International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) futhi ibeke izibopho zabathengi nabathengisi ngokudayiswa kwezimpahla ekuhwebeni kwamazwe ngamazwe. 

Ngokusho kwe-ICC, I-Incoterms® zasungulwa ngenxa yezidingo zohwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe. Ngezinqubo ezihlukene emhlabeni wonke, kanye nokuchazwa kwezomthetho okuhlukene kwezibopho, kwakunesidingo esikhulu sesethi efanayo yemithetho neziqondiso. Imithetho ye-Incoterms isemhlabeni wonke futhi ijwayelekile kuwo wonke amazwe. I-ICC ichaze imigomo yezohwebo yamazwe ngamazwe, ama-Incoterms, icacisa imisebenzi, izindleko, nobungozi okufanele buphathwe abathengi nabathengisi kukho konke lokhu kuthenga.

I-ICC ichaze imigomo yezohwebo yamazwe ngamazwe, I-Incoterms, icacise imisebenzi, izindleko, nezingozi okufanele zithwalwe abathengi nabathengisi kukho konke lokhu kuthenga.

Ingabe sikhona isibuyekezo se-Incoterms 2023?

The I-Incoterms® 2020 yizibuyekezo zakamuva zale mithetho, ezihlelwe zaba izigaba ezimbili zamagama ohwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe asetshenziswa embonini yemikhumbi. Iningi lamagama lisebenza embonini jikelele, kanti amanye asebenza embonini yemikhumbi yasolwandle kuphela. 

Wonke ama-Incoterms achaziwe

Bangu eziyisikhombisa kuzo zonke imodi(izi) ezokuthutha, kanye ezine ikakhulukazi ulwandle noma umgwaqo wamanzi ophakathi nezwe ezokuthutha. Imithetho ye-Incoterms® 2020 ihluke kancane kumagama asetshenziswe ngaphambilini. Le sethi yemigomo esanda kuhlanganiswa iboniswa lapha.  

Qaphela: lapho igama lithi (faka indawo yokulethwa) lokhu kusho ukuthi inkontileka yokuthumela izochaza imigomo kanye nendawo okuyiwa kuyo phakathi naleso sikhathi. Lezi zichazwe kabanzi lapha.

• EXW Incoterm - Ex Works (faka indawo yokulethwa)
• I-FCA Incoterm  - Inkampani Yenethiwekhi Yamahhala (faka indawo eqanjwe igama lokulethwa) 
• I-CPT Incoterm  - Inqola ikhokhelwe (faka indawo oya kuyo) 
• I-CIP Incoterm - Inqola kanye Nomshwalense Ukhokhelwe (faka indawo oya kuyo)  
• I-DAP Incoterm - Ilethwe endaweni (faka indawo eshiwo lapho uya khona)  
• I-DPU Incoterm - Ilethwa endaweni engalayishiwe (faka indawo oya kuyo)  
• I-DDP Incoterm - I-Delivered Duty Paid (faka indawo oya kuyo) 

Kunemithetho emine ye-Incoterms® 2020 ehloselwe ngokuqondile i-Sea and Inland Waterway Transport: 

• I-FAS Incoterm - I-Alongside Ship yamahhala (faka igama lechweba lokulayisha) 
• I-FOB Incoterm - Mahhala Ebhodini (faka ichweba eliqanjwe igama lokulayisha) 
• I-CFR Incoterm - Izindleko Nezimpahla (faka ichweba eliqanjwe lapho uya khona) 
• I-CIF Incoterm -  Umshwalense Wezindleko Nezimpahla (faka ichweba lendawo okuyiwa kuyo) 

Ithemu ngayinye inezibophezelo ezithile kukho kokubili umthengi kanye nomthengisi wezimpahla. 

Kuzo zonke izivumelwano phakathi komthengi nomthengisi, umthengisi uyavuma ukunikeza izimpahla njengoba kushiwo kwinkontileka yokuthengisa. Umthengi uyavuma ukukhokha inani njengoba kuhlinzekwe kunkontileka yokudayisa. Imigomo izobe isichaza imininingwane efana nalena: ukuthi ubani ohlela futhi akhokhele ukulandwa, amadokhumenti okuthekelisa, ukuthumela, umshwalense, inkokhiso yokugunyazwa kwempahla kanye nezindleko zokusingatha, ukulethwa kwendawo, nokuthi ubani okhokha imisebenzi esebenzayo nezintela zasendaweni.

Imigomo yohwebo inomthelela oqondile enanini lentela kanye nezintela zendawo ezikhokhiwe, ngakho-ke lapho ususa ukuthunyelwa ngokusebenzisa amasiko kubalulekile ukuthi imigomo yokuhweba imenyezelwe ukuze kusetshenziswe imisebenzi efanele nezintela okufanele zisetshenziswe.

Ngokuvamile imigomo yezohwebo ichaza isikhathi lapho umthwalo wezimpahla udlula usuka kumthengisi uye kumthengi.

Yini engahlanganiswa nemibandela yohwebo ye-Incoterms®?

I-Incoterms icacisa izibopho zabo bonke abathintekayo kumsebenzi wokuthengisa. Njengoba kuphawuliwe ngenhla, ama-Incoterms ngokuvamile azofakwa kunkontileka yokuthengisa. Nokho: 

• azibheki zonke izimo zokudayiswa  
• aziyinisi imininingwane ngezimpahla ezithengiswayo, futhi azibonisi inani lenkontileka
• ababhekiseli emininingwaneni yokukhokha njengoba kuxoxiswene ngayo phakathi komdayisi noma umthengi
• abasho ukuthi ubunikazi bezimpahla budlula kuliphi iphuzu busuka kumthengisi buyiswe kumthengi
• abacacisi ukuthi yimiphi imibhalo okufanele inikezwe umthengi, ngumthengisi, ukuze kube lula inqubo yokukhipha impahla endaweni oya kuyo.
• abazinaki izikweletu zanoma yikuphi ukwehluleka ukunikeza izimpahla njengoba kuchazwe kunkontileka yokudayisa, noma izindlela zokuxazulula izingxabano.  

I-Incoterms ichazwe ngokuningiliziwe

Lesi sigaba sibheka kabanzi ku-Incoterms ngayinye futhi sicacisa ukuthi izibopho zikuphi esimweni ngasinye. Amanye amatemu afana ngokwanele ukuba ahlanganiswe ndawonye, ​​​​njengoba ehluka kakhulu ngohlobo lwenkampani yenethiwekhi kunasemigomeni ngokwawo. Lesi sigaba sihlanganisa imigomo elandelayo.

• Ex Works

• Inkampani Yenethiwekhi Yamahhala (futhi Yamahhala Eceleni Komkhumbi futhi Yamahhala Ukugibela)

• Inqola Ikhokhelwe… (futhi Izindleko Nezimpahla)

• Inqola Nomshwalense Kukhokhelwe Ku… (futhi Izindleko, Umshwalense Nempahla)

• Ilethwa endaweni, ilethwe endaweni engalayishiwe

• Umsebenzi Olethiwe Ukhokhiwe

Imisebenzi ye-Ex

I-Ex Works yitemu lokuhweba okusho ukuthi umthengi ukhokha izindleko zokuthutha ukusuka embonini yomthengisi ukuya endaweni oya kuyo. Ngakho-ke le migomo imele isibopho esincane somthengisi.

Le migomo akufanele isetshenziswe uma umthengi engenawo amandla okwenza imithetho yokuthekelisa. Ezimweni ezinjalo, imigomo yenkampani yenethiwekhi yamahhala (FCA) kufanele isetshenziswe.

Umthengi, hhayi umdayisi, unesibopho sokulanda. Umthengisi kufanele amane abeke izimpahla kumthengi endaweni ebizwa ngokuthi azozilanda ngosuku noma phakathi nesikhathi esishiwo.

Umthengi uthwala zonke izindleko kanye nezingozi ezihilelekile ekuthuthweni kwezimpahla zisuka endaweni yomthengisi ziziyise endaweni ayifunayo.  

Umthengi kufanele azitholele, ngezindleko zakhe, noma iyiphi ilayisensi yokungenisa ezweni noma okunye ukugunyazwa okusemthethweni futhi enze zonke izinkambiso zentela yokungenisa impahla futhi, lapho kudingekile, ukuze zidlule kwelinye izwe.

Umthengi unesibopho sokukhokha yonke intela yentela kanye nezintela.

Inkampani Yenethiwekhi Yamahhala, Umkhumbi Wamahhala Ngokuhambisana Nomkhumbi noma Mahhala Ugibela

I-Free Carrier (FCA) isho ukuthi umthengisi ufeza isibopho sakhe lapho enikeze izimpahla, ezisuselwe ukuthekelisa, enkokhisweni yomthwali oshiwo ngumthengi echwebeni eliqanjwe igama. Lokhu kusho ukuthi umdayisi unesibopho sayo yonke imibhalo yokuthekelisa: I-invoyisi Yezentengiselwano, I-Bill of Lading kanye Nesitifiketi Somsuka (uma sidingeka).

Ungase futhi uzwe amagama athi “Mahhala Ugibele” (FOB) kanye nokuthi “Mahhala Ngokuhambisana Nomkhumbi” ukuchaza le nqubo. Ngokuchazwa okuqinile, ngokusho kwe-Incoterms®, i-FOB ne-FAS ingasetshenziswa kuphela ukuthutha olwandle noma okungena ezweni. Uma ukuthutha olwandle kungeyona into esebenzayo, igama le-FCA liyitemu elilungile, nakuba i-FOB kuyigama elisetshenziswa kakhulu ukuchaza le nqubo, kungaba ngezindlela zokuthutha ezihamba phansi, ulwandle, ujantshi noma emoyeni.  

Kunomehluko omncane phakathi kokuthathu, njengoba i-FCA ne-FAS ingadingi ukuthi umdayisi alayishe izimpahla emkhunjini (noma endizeni). I-FOB idinga umthengisi, hhayi umthengi, ukuthi alayishe izimpahla emkhunjini.

Inqola Ikhokhelwe, noma Izindleko Nezimpahla

Inqola Ikhokhelwe…(CPT) ithi izindleko zezimpahla, ukulandwa kanye nokudiliva echwebeni, imvume yokuthumela ngaphandle, kanye nolwandle noma umthwalo wezindiza ethekwini eliqanjwe phesheya kwezilwandle, kuyisibopho somthengisi. Ngaphansi kwale migomo, umdayisi umemezela intengo yezimpahla, okuhlanganisa nezindleko zokuthutha, ukuya endaweni eqanjiwe yokwehla.  

Izindleko zomshwalense zishiywa ku-akhawunti yomthengi, nakuba kufanele zibonise izindleko zezimpahla njengoba kushiwo. Umthengi kufanele athole noma iyiphi ilayisensi yokungenisa noma okunye ukugunyazwa okusemthethweni. Kumele enze zonke izinkambiso zokungeniswa kwempahla. Ubophezelekile nganoma yisiphi isithuthi esiya kwelinye izwe, kanye nentela yokulethwa nezintela.

Ungase futhi uzwe igama elithi Izindleko Nezimpahla (C&F noma CFR). I-C&F yitemu elidala. Kodwa-ke, njengaku-Free on Board (FOB), i-Incoterms ichaza le migomo njengesebenza kuphela lapho kusetshenziswa izinto zokuhamba zasolwandle nezihamba phakathi nezwe. Eqinisweni, i-CFR yigama elivame ukusetshenziswa embonini yonkana ukuchaza le nqubo, kukho kokubili ukuthutha emoyeni nolwandle.

Inqola Nomshwalense Okhokhelwayo, noma Izindleko Zomshwalense Nezimpahla

Inqola Nomshwalense Okhokhelwe Ku…(CIP) kusho ukuthi umthengisi unezibopho ezifanayo nalezo ezingaphansi kwe-CPT enomthwalo owengeziwe umthengisi anawo wokuthola umshwalense wempahla ngokumelene nengcuphe yomthengi yokulahlekelwa, noma ukumosheka, kwezimpahla ngesikhathi sokuthwala. Umdayisi uthatha umshwalense futhi ukhokha iprimiyamu yomshwalense.

Umthengisi kufanele azitholele, ngezindleko zakhe, umshwalense wempahla njengoba kuchaziwe esivumelwaneni sokuthengisa. Umshwalense kufanele usho ukuthi umthengi uzoba nelungelo lokufaka isicelo ngokuqondile kumshwalensi, futhi umthengi kufanele anikezwe umshwalense womshwalense noma obunye ubufakazi bekhava yomshwalense. Umthengi kufanele aqaphele ukuthi ngaphansi kwemibandela ye-CIP umthengisi udingeka kuphela ukuthi athole umshwalense ekukhavelweni okuncane (110% yenani lokuthunyelwayo). 

I-Cost, Insurance and Freight (CIF) iyafana ne-CIP, nokho, njengoba kunjalo nge-Free on Board kanye ne-Cost and Freight, i-Incoterms ichaza le migomo njengesebenza kuphela uma kusetshenziswa ezokuthutha olwandle neza phakathi nezwe. Futhi, iqiniso liwukuthi igama elithi CIF lisetshenziswa kakhulu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yizimpahla zomoya noma zasolwandle.

Ilethwa endaweni, ilethwe endaweni engalayishiwe

Kulethwe endaweni (DAP), noma kulethwe endaweni engalayishiwe (i-DPU) kuchaza isevisi ephelele yendawo eya endaweni, kodwa enemisebenzi, izintela nezinye izinkokhiso zokungenisa ezisemthethweni ezisazokhokhwa. Le migomo ithatha indawo yetemu elidala elithi Delivered Duty Unpaid (DDU).

Umdayisi kufanele athwale izindleko kanye nezingozi ezihilelekile ekuletheni izimpahla lapho ziya khona (ngaphandle kwentela, izintela nezinye izinkokhiso ezisemthethweni ezikhokhwa lapho zithengwa kwamanye amazwe) kanye nezindleko nobungozi bokwenza imithetho yempahla ethengiswayo. Umthengi unesibopho sanoma yimiphi imisebenzi noma izintela zendawo futhi uzibophezela nganoma yikuphi ukubambezeleka ekuletheni ngenxa yokwehluleka kwakhe ukukhokha lezi zimali ngesikhathi. Imigomo ye-DAP neye-DPU ingasetshenziswa ngokunganaki indlela yokuthutha.

Umdayisi ufeza izibopho zakhe zokuletha lapho izimpahla sezilethiwe futhi zenziwa zitholakale endaweni eshiwo, ezweni angenisa kulo. Kulesi simo igama elithi 'iyatholakala' libalulekile njengoba i-DAP ne-DPU zihluka ngencazelo.

Nge-DAP, indawo icaciswe emigomeni futhi ingasho indawo yokugcina izimpahla yomthengi noma enye indawo, futhi izimpahla zizohlala zingalayishiwe (ngokuvamile zingaphakathi kwesitsha) ukuze umthengi azikhiphe. Lokho kungase kudinge ukuthi umthengi asebenzise amathuluzi akhe akhethekile, njenge-crane noma i-forklift.

Nge-DPU, umdayisi unesibopho sokuthulula ngakho-ke kuzoba nguyena ozohlinzeka nganoma iyiphi impahla yokuthulula.

Kukhokhelwe umsebenzi okhokhelwe

I-Delivered Duty Paid (DDP) isho ukuthi umdayisi ufeza izibopho zakhe zokulethwa lapho izimpahla zethulwa endaweni eshiwo ezweni athunyelwa kulo. Umthengisi kufanele abhekane nezingozi nezindleko, okuhlanganisa imisebenzi, izintela nezinye izinkokhiso zokuletha izimpahla, ezisulwe ngokugcwele ukuze zingeniswe.

Nakuba i-Ex Works imele ubuncane besibopho somthengisi, i-DDP imele isibopho esiphezulu. Qaphela ukuthi kungase kuvunyelwane kwinkontileka yokuthengisa ukuthi umthengi uzokhokhela zonke izimpahla, futhi ngemva kokulethwa abuyisele umdayisi nganoma yimiphi imisebenzi nezintela. Ngale ndlela umdayisi ulawula yonke inqubo, kodwa uphinda akhokhe izindleko zokusula kamuva.

I-DDP ngaphambilini ibibuye yaziwa ngokuthi Isitolo Samahhala (FIS Incoterm) noma i-Free Domicile, futhi okusho ukuthi zonke izinkokhiso ezihlanganisa imvume nokulethwa endaweni zikhokhwa ngumthengisi. Le migomo iyasebenza kungakhathaliseki indlela yokuthutha.

Amaphoyinti ayisihluthulelo okufanele akhumbule

I-ICC Incoterms® yasungulwa ukuze ichaze isethi efanayo yemithetho nemihlahlandlela yohwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe. Nakuba nanamuhla kunemibandela yohwebo esetshenziswa endaweni (isibonelo, i-US isebenzisa okuthi “Less Than Truckload” (LTL) ekuthuthweni kwamaloli asekhaya), imithetho ye-Incoterms ingeyomhlaba wonke futhi ivamile kuwo wonke amazwe. I Imithetho ye-Incoterms® zabuyekezwa kamuva nje ngo-2020 futhi ngenxa yalokho i-Incoterms 2021, i-Incoterms 2022 kanye ne-Incoterms 2023 ahlala engashintshiwe.

Inani lamagama lihlobene nokuthile ukuthuthwa kwempahla olwandle izimo, noma izinhlobo ezithile zokuthutha (njengezinto ezisindayo zezimboni), lapho kunezinkinga ezidinga ukucaciswa ekulayisheni nasekuthululeni imikhumbi.

Kodwa-ke, ukuthunyelwa okuningi kuyizinto ezincane ezithengiswayo ezingase zithunyelwe ngobuningi, ngamaphalethi noma iziqukathi ezigcwele, futhi izinto ezisetshenziswayo zilula kakhulu. Kulezi zimo, izibopho phakathi komthengisi nomthengi ziqonde kakhudlwana, futhi ingxenye eyodwa noma enye cishe izofaka yonke imvelaphi yokuthunyelwa kwendawo okuyiwa kuyo, ngomsebenzi nezintela futhi mhlawumbe nokulethwa kwendawo amaphuzu amakhulu okuxoxisana ngawo.

Kubathengi abaningi, bazofuna ukubhalisa izinkonzo ze- umdluliseli wezimpahla ukweluleka ngemibandela engcono kakhulu yohwebo, ukuphatha izindleko nemininingwane yokuthutha, kanye nokusingatha yonke imibhalo kanye nokugunyazwa kwempahla.

Ingabe ufuna isixazululo sezinhlelo zokusebenza esinamanani ancintisanayo, ukubonakala okugcwele, nokusekelwa kwamakhasimende okufinyeleleka kalula? Hlola I-Chovm.com Logistics Marketplace namuhla.