Ukuqonda Ngesikhathi nje (JIT) nokuthi Ungazuza Kanjani Kuyo

Ngenkathi i-JIT yethulwa okokuqala ku- 1970s isisebenzi sakwaToyota uTaiichi Ohno eJapan, akekho owaqonda ukuthi izoguqula kanjani amabhizinisi. Yehlisa imfucuza ngokuletha kuphela okudingekayo ngemva kokuba amakhasimende efake ama-oda. Namuhla, i-JIT ingumqondo odume kakhulu owamukelwa izinqubo ezindala nezintsha ngokufanayo.

Okuqukethwe
Kuyini i-JIT, ngendlela?
Izibonelo Zesikhathi Esisebenza Ngayo
Izinzuzo zokuthi Just in Time
Ububi besikhathi nje
Pholisha isu le-Just in Time

Kuyini i-JIT, ngendlela?

I-JIT ifilosofi yokuphatha efuna ukuqondisa izinto zokusetshenziswa emigqeni ethile yokukhiqiza lapho kudingeka ukuze kugcinwe umthamo ophansi kakhulu wesitoko nezinto ezingavuthiwe eziseduze. Ibonakala ngokuthi;

• Ukuhlukaniswa kwezabasebenzi okuyingqayizivele nokuguquguqukayo
• Ukugeleza okuqhubekayo kwezimpahla nezinto zokusetshenziswa ngamanani amancane
• Ukuthenga okuzenzakalelayo
• Isikhathi sokulethwa esifushane
• Ukugcinwa kokuvimbela
• Vala ubuhlobo nabahlinzeki
• Ukuthola indawo, ezimweni eziningi

Ukuqinisekisa izinqubo ezibushelelezi, i-JIT idume ngokusebenzisa i-Kanban, uhlaka lokuphatha umsebenzi olwasungulwa ngeminyaka yawo-1940 oluhlose ukulinganisa izimfuno nabasebenzi abakhona. Abasebenzi babelwa ezindaweni ezithile zokusebenza futhi njengoba izimpahla zigeleza esigabeni ngasinye, wonke umuntu angabona ngeso lengqondo inqubo emabhodini ahlanganyelwayo esiza ekuthathweni kwezinqumo ezinolwazi kanye nokuvimbela ukushoda kwezinto ezingavuthiwe emigqeni yokukhiqiza.

Izibonelo Zesikhathi Esisebenza Ngayo

I-1 I-Toyota

AbakwaToyota baqale ukusebenzisa uhlelo lwe-JIT ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II ukuze bathole okungcono kakhulu ezinsizeni eziyindlala, banciphise ukumosha, futhi babhekane nomncintiswano. Ngakho-ke, esikhundleni sokukhiqiza izinkulungwane zamamodeli athile ngesikhathi njenge-USA, abakwaToyota bakhethe indlela “yoku-oda ngaphambi kokuthi sikhiqize”.

Ngokushesha imodeli yazuza izimpande isebenzisa indawo encane yaseJapane, eyanciphisa isikhathi sokuthutha. Phakathi kuka-1960 no-1980, uhlelo olusebenza kahle, olwalukhiqiza izimoto ezishibhile, lwaphusha uToyota emakethe yase-USA ngempumelelo enkulu. Ngo-1966, izimpahla zakwaToyota iphindwe kathathu yaba ngu-20,000, futhi inkampani yaba uhlobo lwesithathu oluthengiswa kakhulu kwamanye amazwe kulelo zwe.

2. Abathengisi

Abathengisi abafana ne-Walmart ne-Target basebenzisa i-JIT ukuze banciphise uhlu lwezimpahla futhi bavule izikhala zamashalofu. Besebenzisa amasu okubikezela, babikezela amaphethini okuthenga futhi bahlele ukungena kokuthengiswayo kwesizini lapho isidingo siphezulu. Amashalofu ayakhululwa njengoba isizini iphela.

I-3 Apple

Ikhishwe onqenqemeni lokungena ebhizinisini elingenanzuzo, i-Apple ingenye yeziqhwaga ezivuna izinzuzo ze-JIT. Kwaqala konke ngesikhathi u-Apple eqasha uTim Cook njengosekela mongameli womsebenzi womhlaba wonke ngo-1998. Wavala izimboni zamazwe ngamazwe kanye nezindawo zokugcina izimpahla ngesikhathi esungula ubudlelwano obuseduze nosonkontileka abazimele, abashibhile nabathembekile abavela eChina, okwaholela ekubeni inkampani isebenzise i-JIT ngokungaqondile.

4. I-Kellogg's

Uma kubhekwa iminyaka engu-Kellogg engaphezu kweyi-100 ekhiqiza ukudla okulula, akumangazi ukuthi i-Just in Time iphakathi kwezibiliboco zayo ezihlwabusayo ukuze ilawule kahle izithako ezibolayo. Inkampani ihlale iqinisekisa ukuthi inokwanele ukunakekela imikhiqizo e-odiwe.

I-5 UZara

Njengoba izinto ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-450 ezifika emakethe minyaka yonke, i-Zara ilawula uhlelo lokukhiqiza olusebenza kahle ngokuhlangana njalo namaqoqo amancane okulethwa ezitolo zayo ezingu-2000+ njalo ngeviki.

Izinzuzo zokuthi Just in Time

I-Just In Time iwukhiye wokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle nokukhiqiza, nokwandisa imbuyiselo.

Izindleko ezincishisiwe

Ukusebenza esitokisini esilinganiselwe kunciphisa izindleko ngokonga imali yerenti, abasebenzi, ugesi, nesikhathi esidingekayo ukuze uthole izindawo zokugcina izimpahla ezinkulu.

• Ukumoshwa okuncane

I-JIT ithena izindleko zokulawulwa kwemfucuza ngokugcina amazinga kadoti ephansi.

• Imali yokusebenza encishisiwe egeleza ngohlelo

Imali yokusebenza yinani lemali esetshenziselwa ukuqhuba imisebenzi yansuku zonke. I-JIT inciphisa lokhu ngokunciphisa izindleko ze-warehousing kanye nokunciphisa imijikelezo yokusungula.

• Isitoko esincane esifile

Lapho izimpahla eziqediwe zihlala endaweni yokugcina izinto isikhathi eside, ziba imfuyo efile noma i-inventory ephelelwe yisikhathi. Uma izimpahla zigcinwa isikhathi eside, umphumela uba yingozi kakhulu emabhizinisini njengoba kufanele ziguqulwe zibe ukheshi ukuze kukhokhelwe izikweletu futhi bathole inzuzo. Kuhlelo lwe-JIT, ngenxa yokuthi inkampani igcwalisa ama-oda alindile kuphela, ukunqwabelana kwesitoko esifile akunakwenzeka.

Ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kwekhwalithi yomkhiqizo

Izisebenzi eziqeqeshwe kahle nezivumelana nezimo zichitha isikhathi esengeziwe ekuthuthukiseni ikhwalithi, elilingana nezinga eliphezulu eligculisayo.

• Ukwehliswa kwezimpahla ezingaphansi komsebenzi oqhubekayo

Abasebenzi bakhathazeka kancane mayelana nokusula imisebenzi esalindile, ngaleyo ndlela basebenze kakhulu ekuletheni imiphumela emihle.

• Ukufana komkhiqizo

Ukufana komkhiqizo kubalulekile lapho uthembisa amakhasimende ikhwalithi engashintshi. I-JIT ifinyelela lokho ngokumisa izinqubo zokusebenza.

Ukwenza ngcono ukusebenza 

I-JIT iqeda ukweqisa ngokuvula iziteshi nokushelela imigqa yokulethwa. Iphinde iqedele izinto zokusetshenziswa ezingadingeki kanye nezimpahla eziqediwe, inikeze inkampani isikhathi sokuhlelela ama-oda alandelayo.

• Ukuthola indawo

Ukuba nabahlinzeki indawo yokulahla amatshe kwandisa isikhathi sokuphendula nokwethembeka, futhi kuqeda ukuphuka okuhlobene nezokuthutha.

• Yehlisa isitoko esiphelelwe yisikhathi

Izinga eliphezulu lokutholwa kwempahla linciphisa isikhathi sokuhlala kwezimpahla endaweni yokugcina impahla, okubuye kuvimbele ukuphelelwa yisikhathi kwesitoko.

Ububi besikhathi nje

I-JIT ithembele kuwo wonke umuntu esiteshini sokukhiqiza ukuthi asebenze ngokungenasici. Ebhizinisini, ayikho into enjalo; ngakho, ukuwohloka kuvamile futhi kuthinta yonke ingqalasizinda.

Izinkinga zokuhambisana nesikhathi

Kunzima kakhulu ukuqalisa ukusebenza ngesikhathi kulo lonke uhlelo, ikakhulukazi uma abaphathi bengawengameli amaketanga okuhlinzeka.

• Ukuthembela ngokweqile ekufikeni kwesikhathi kwabahlinzeki

Ukuncika ngokweqile ekufikeni kwesikhathi kwabahlinzeki kuyingozi, futhi izinkinga ziyalimaza futhi zizwakala kahle ikakhulukazi uma usebenza ngama-oda amakhulu.

Ibhizinisi, nokho, lingagwema le ngozi ngokuhlola njalo abahlinzeki kanye nokuba nezinketho eziningi zokuya kuzo.

Ububi bezindleko

I-JIT ivamise ukungena ezindlekweni eziphezulu zokwenziwayo nezokukhiqiza kabusha ngenxa yokungakwazi ukwenza imali ngesilinganiso somnotho.

• Izindleko zokuphinda ziphezulu

Ukulungisa okungalungile kuyabiza uma zingekho izinto zokusetshenziswa eziseduze.

• Izifo zesikali

Ukwehlukana kwesilinganiso kubangela ukukhuphuka kwezindleko eziphansi zokukhiqiza.

• Izindleko eziphezulu zokuthengiselana

Izindleko zokwenziwayo zihlanganisa ukuhwebelana kwezimpahla namasevisi. Zihlanganisa amakhomishini nezindleko zasebhange, futhi ku-JIT, ngenxa yokuthi kukhona ukuhwebelana okuningi, izindleko zokuthengiselana ziphezulu.

Ukuncika okwengeziwe kuzibikezelo

Ngenxa yokuziphatha kwamakhasimende okungalindelekile, izinkampani ezisebenzisa i-JIT zincike ekubikezelweni ukuze zinqume ukuthi isidingo sizoba phezulu nini futhi zilungiselele amaqembu abo nabahlinzeki balokho. Ngeshwa, izibikezelo azinembile; yingakho amabhizinisi egcina elandela umkhondo wamanga.

Izinguquko zentengo ezingalindelekile zinomphumela omubi

Abamukeli be-JIT abanakho ukunethezeka kokubamba isitoko ngokulindela amanani angcono. Eqinisweni, ngokucwiliswa kancane kwentengo, amabhizinisi agcina ethengisa izimpahla ngenani elikhona naphezu kokuthola izinto zokusetshenziswa ngenani eliphakeme.

Izenzo zemvelo

Izinhlekelele zemvelo ziphazamisa ukungena kwezinto zokusetshenziswa, zimise ukukhiqizwa. Isibonelo, umphumela we-tsunami ka-2011 e-Japan washiya i-Toyota ifuna imigqa emisha yokuhlinzeka ukuze ivikele izingxenye ezingaphezu kuka-1200.

Ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu ekuthuthukiseni amanethiwekhi okuxhumana

Ukutshalwa kwezimali kubuchwepheshe bamanje bekhompiyutha obuxhuma ababambiqhaza kuyadingeka ukuze i-Just in Time isebenze ngokuzikhandla. Lokhu kudinga umjovo wesamba sesamba semali futhi kungase kungakwazi ukuthengeka kwabaqalayo abaningi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amabhizinisi kufanele aqashe abasebenzi be-IT abaqeqeshiwe ukuze baqhube futhi bavikele ulwazi olwabiwe kubageli.

Pholisha isu le-Just in Time

I-JIT iwuhlelo lokuphathwa kwempahla olwaqalwa eJapan lweToyota futhi selwamukelwe izinkampani eziningi kukho konke ukuphila kwayo. Uhlelo luthatha ama-oda avela kumakhasimende, lucele lokho olukudingayo, futhi lucubungule lokho lube yimikhiqizo eqediwe. Amabhizinisi ahlomula ku-JIT ngoba yehlisa izindleko zendawo yokugcina izimpahla, yenza bushelelezi umkhiqizo wokukhiqiza, futhi iqinisekisa ukufana komkhiqizo.

Ngeshwa, abakhiqizi bangakwazi ukungena ezindlekweni eziphezulu zokuthengiselana, babhekane nokulibaziseka okuvamile, futhi babeke engcupheni yokushintsha kwentengo. Ngenhlanhla, ukuhlela okucophelelayo, ukuhlela kahle amaketango okunikezwayo, nokumisa isikhashana ukuze ucabangele ubungozi kuzoba usizo ekwehliseni ukungahambisani kokukhiqiza kwe-JIT.

Njengoba uqhubeka nokupholisha isu le-Just in Time, nazi amasu okuphatha abahlinzeki abahlakaniphile.