Isinye esinwebekayo siyanyakaza, sifike lapho sihlehla khona, sidala ukunyakaza okujikelezayo kwesondo lamanzi. Lolu hlelo selunesikhathi eside lwakha umgogodla wamandla avuselelekayo. Indlela yayo, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-hydroelectric generation, isisetshenziswe kabanzi amakhulu eminyaka, futhi isikhathi sayo asikapheli. Kulesi sihloko, uzofunda mayelana nobuchwepheshe bamajeneretha asebenza ngamanzi, izinzuzo ezinikezayo, umthelela wawo endaweni ezungezile, kanye nentuthuko yobuchwepheshe obuhlakaniphile asebephezu kwayo. Ekupheleni kwesihloko, uzoba nomhlahlandlela ophelele wokuthi amajeneretha asebenza ngamanzi asebenza kanjani.
Okuqukethwe:
1. Asebenza kanjani amajeneretha kagesi ngamanzi
2. Izinzuzo zamandla kagesi ngamanzi
3. Ukucatshangelwa kwemvelo
4. Ukuthuthuka kwezobuchwepheshe kumajeneretha aphehla ugesi ngamanzi
5. Amathemba esikhathi esizayo wamandla kagesi ngamanzi
Asebenza kanjani amajeneretha kagesi ngamanzi
Amajeneretha asebenza ngogesi ngamanzi asebenza ngomgomo oqondile: athatha amandla e-kinetic wamanzi, ageleza esuka edamini ngokusebenzisa izinjini zomoya, futhi awaguqule abe amandla kagesi. Ukuze wenze lokhu, udinga ukuqoqa amanzi amaningi endaweni yokugcina amanzi, ngokuvamile ngemuva kwedamu ngaphesheya komfula. Amanzi anedamu abe esededelwa ngomzila wokuchitheka ohlanganisa izinjini zomoya.
Ngamunye unamathiselwe ku-generator. Lapho ama-turbines ephenduka, ama-magnets angaphakathi kwamajeneretha ayazungeza, okubangela ukungeniswa kwe-electromagnetic kanye nokukhiqizwa kukagesi. Lo gesi ube usuthuthwa ngezintambo zikagesi uyiswe ezindlini nasemabhilidini, okudala ukugeleza okuqhubekayo kwamandla avuselelekayo.
Ukusebenza kahle lapho ijeneretha kagesi edala ugesi kuthonywa izici ezifana nezinga lokugeleza kwamanzi, ukuphakama lapho awe khona (ikhanda) kanye nohlobo lwe-turbine esetshenziswayo. Ukuthuthukiswa kokuklama, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinhlelo zokulawula ezithuthukisiwe, kukhulise ukusebenza kahle kanye nokuphuma kwezitshalo eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi. I-Hydropower manje yenza amaphesenti angu-17 okukhiqizwa kwamandla emhlabeni wonke.
Izinzuzo zamandla kagesi ngamanzi
Amandla kagesi ngamanzi anezinzuzo eziningi futhi angaba omunye wemithombo engcono kakhulu yamandla avuselelekayo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amandla kagesi ngamanzi angumthombo wamandla avuselelekayo ngoba ancike ngokuphelele emjikelezweni wamanzi. Lokho kusho ukuthi ingabuye igcinwe kalula yimvula nokuhwamuka, okuyenza ithembeke futhi izinze esikhathini eside.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amandla kagesi ngamanzi awakhiqizi noma yikuphi ukungcola. Inqubo ilula kakhulu: amanzi awela esuka endaweni ephakeme eya kwephansi asotha i-turbine exhunywe kujeneretha. Okubi wukuthi ukuze sikhiqize ugesi kumele sakhe amadamu namadamu okungamba eqolo.
Kodwa-ke, sekukonke, kungafunwa ukuthi amandla kagesi ngamanzi angenye yemithombo engcono kakhulu yamandla avuselelekayo esikhathini esizayo.
Okwesibili, amajeneretha aphehla ugesi ngamanzi ashibhile ukusebenzisa nokuyinakekela. Uma sezakhiwe, izindleko zokukhiqiza ugesi ophehlwa ngamanzi ziphansi kakhulu kunokusetshenziswa kwezinto ezimbiwa phansi. Futhi, izitshalo eziningi zikagesi wamanzi zingasebenza kahle isikhathi eside, ngokuvamile ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-50 kuya kweyi-100 ngokulungiswa.
Inzuzo yesithathu enkulu ukuthi izitshalo eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi zingakwazi ukuletha ugesi othwala inani eliphakeme kakhulu - okungukuthi, zingalungisa izinga lokugeleza kwamanzi ngokwesidingo, zinikeze igridi yamandla ukuguquguquka ekuhambisaneni nokuhlinzekwa kwezidingo. Lokhu kuwusizo ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinesidingo esikhulu samandla noma lapho umoya nelanga kuyimithombo kagesi ovuselelekayo, njengoba i-hydro inganciphisa ukuguquguquka kwamandla akhiqizwa umoya kanye nelanga.
Ukucatshangelwa kwezemvelo
Ukukhiqizwa kwamandla kagesi kuhlanzekile, kunomthelela omncane emvelweni, ngaphandle kwalapho kufanele kwakhiwe idamu noma kwakhiwe indawo yokugcina amanzi, okunomthelela osobala emvelweni wendawo - umhlaba ogcwele amanzi ungacekela phansi izindawo zokuhlala, ukhiphe izilwane zasendle, uguqule izinga lamanzi futhi uguqule izinga lokushisa kwamanzi.
Ukufiphaza eminye yaleyo mithelela, amaphrojekthi amaningi esimanje kagesi ophehlwa ngamanzi ahlanganisa nezinyathelo zokulondoloza nokubuyisela imvelo. Izitebhisi zezinhlanzi nezinhlelo zokudlula zingavumela izilwane zasemanzini ukuthi zenze indlela yazo ezungeze amadamu, kuyilapho amashejuli okukhishwa kwezindawo ezintsha zokuphehla amandla ngamanzi angakwazi ukulingisa ukugeleza kwemvelo ukusiza izindawo ezihlala ezansi nomfula.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukufakwa kukadaka emachibini kunciphisa amandla ezitshalo eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi, futhi kungaba yingozi ezintweni eziphila emanzini. Ukwehliswa kwechibi nokuphathwa kukadaka kuyadingeka ukuze kugcinwe umthamo wamanzi kanye nekhwalithi yemvelo.
Nokho, naphezu kwalezi zingqinamba, amandla kagesi aphehlwa ngamanzi asengomunye wemithombo yamandla ehlanzeke kakhulu. Okokuqala, ayikhiphi amagesi abamba ukushisa ngokuqondile noma izinto ezingcolisa umoya. Mayelana ne-carbon footprint kanye nomzamo wokunciphisa ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu, amandla kagesi ophehlwa ngamanzi awabangeli monakalo.
Ukuthuthuka kwezobuchwepheshe kumajeneretha kagesi wamanzi
Ubuchwepheshe obusha bakamuva buye benza amajeneretha asebenza ngamanzi abe luhlaza futhi ashibhe kunangaphambili. Isibonelo, ukuthuthukiswa kwemiklamo ye-turbine - okuhlanganisa ukudalwa kwemiklamo evumelana nezinhlanzi kanye namakhanda aphansi - kunciphise kakhulu imiphumela emibi yemvelo futhi kwandise ukuphuma kwamandla emifudlaneni emincane nemifula.
Ngaleso sikhathi, amandla anda kanye nezinhlobo ezintsha zezinto zokwakha, kuhlanganiswe namasu okukhiqiza angcono, kwandise impilo futhi kwathuthukisa ukusebenza kwezingxenye zikagesi ngamanzi. Isibonelo, ukusetshenziswa kwezisetshenziswa ze-turbine ezimelana nokugqwala kanye nama-coatings kunyuse ubude besikhathi okusebenza ngazo izinjini zomoya phakathi kokusebenza kokulungisa.
Ukwengeza, ezinye izitshalo eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi zenziwe zesimanje ngokuzixhuma namagridi ahlakaniphile. Lokhu kwenze abanye o-opharetha bakwazi ukuphatha ukukhiqizwa kwamandla kanye nokulinganisa kwegridi ngesikhathi sangempela, ikakhulukazi ngokulungisa ngokuzenzakalelayo ukugeleza kwamanzi kanye nokuphuma kwamandla aphuma emadamini, ngenhloso yokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokuphumayo kokuzinza kwegridi.
Enye ingeyezinhlelo zokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi ezigcina amanzi, lapho ugesi oweqile usetshenziselwa ukumpompa amanzi akhuphukele kumadamu ngezikhathi zesidingo esiphansi, abese ededelwa ukuze akhiqize ugesi ngesikhathi sokudingeka kakhulu, okuhlinzeka ngamandla ayisipele nokwenza amagridi aqine kakhudlwana.
Amathemba ekusasa lamandla kagesi ngamanzi
Ngempela, ikusasa libukeka lithembisa amandla kagesi ophehlwa ngamanzi. Amathrendi amaningi amasha kanye nentuthuko izokwenza imboni yandise futhi isungule. Esikhathini esizayo esibonakalayo, amasistimu kagesi amancane nangaphansi kwamanzi azotholakala kabanzi. Lezi zinhlelo zivame ukuhlinzeka ngogesi ngezindlela ezihlukaniselwe abantu kanye nezisekelwe emphakathini, futhi ziwusizo ikakhulukazi ekunikezeni amandla ezindaweni ezikude kuyilapho kunciphisa isidingo sezikhungo ezinkulu zikagesi.
Futhi, ama-hybrid hydroelectric systems ahlanganisa i-hydro nobunye ubuchwepheshe obuvuselelekayo obufana nelanga nomoya uyavela. Zingaguquguquki futhi zithembekile kune-hydro, zisebenzisa izimo zokukhiqiza ezihambisanayo.
Imizamo emisha yokunciphisa ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu kanye nokukhiqiza amandla avuselelekayo ezingeni lomhlaba wonke izokhuthaza ukutshalwa kwezimali okwengeziwe kumaphrojekthi ophehla ugesi ngamanzi. Kunamathuba amahle okunwetshwa kwengqalasizinda ephehla ugesi ngamanzi emazweni asathuthuka kanye nokwenza lula ukutholakala kwamandla ahlanzekile ezimakethe ezisafufusa.
Amajeneretha kagesi ngamanzi azosebenza kahle kakhulu futhi ahambisane nemvelo njengoba ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe kuqhubeka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusesha okuqhubekayo kwezinto ezintsha, imiklamo ye-turbine kanye nezixazululo zokugcina amandla kuzoqhubeka nokuqinisekisa ukuthi amandla kagesi ophehlwa ngamanzi ahlala eyingxenye ebalulekile yezinqubomgomo zamandla esimeme yonke indawo.
Isiphetho
Amajeneretha asebenza ngamanzi ayidwala lenkathi yamandla avuselelekayo. Okuyisisekelo, okuhle nokubi, imithelela yemvelo, nokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwezobuchwepheshe kubalulekile ukuze kube nombono onokwenzeka nowesikhathi esizayo wamandla. Ngempela, amandla kagesi aphehlwa ngamanzi azoba neqhaza elibalulekile endleleni yokusimama kwamandla, ngenqubekelaphambili yezobuchwepheshe kanye nokunaka kakhulu imithelela yezemvelo.
