Yiziphi Abashayeli Abakhulu Bokukhula Kwe-Solar Energy?

Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuyinhlekelele ehlala ikhula njalo. Iza njengoba izikhukhula ezinkulu ukuxosha izigidi nokubulala izinkulungwane ePakistan noma imililo yequbula eyesabekayo izindawo ezicekela phansi nemizi e-Australia, okulimaza kakhulu ungqimba lwe-ozone. Futhi, kungaba isomiso esibi ukomisa imifula emikhulu nezindikimba zamanzi ukusuka e-United States ukuya eChina. Ngeshwa, ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kuza nabantu ababulawa indlala nokuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni, ukulahlekelwa izilwane nezindawo zokuhlala, nokulahlekelwa yizilwane izindawo zokulima-okuhumusha ekudleni okuncane kubantu bomhlaba. Ngakho-ke, umbuzo omkhulu uthi: ingabe ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kukhuthaza ukukhula kwelanga? Qhubeka ufunde ukuze uthole.

Okuqukethwe
Umthelela wokukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa
Iyini i-solar futhi kungani amandla elanga ekhula ngokushesha kangaka?
Yiziphi izici eziyinhloko zokukhula kwamandla elanga?
Yiziphi ezinye izithiyo ekukhuleni kwelanga?
Isiphetho

Umthelela wokukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa

Umthelela omkhulu wesisi esingcolisa umoya (i-GHG) esiholela ekuguqukeni kwesimo sezulu ukukhiqizwa kwamandla ngokusebenzisa izibaseli ezimbiwa phansi. Futhi iningi lezinkampani eziyi-100 ezibhekele Ama-71% okukhishwa kwe-GHG zivela emkhakheni wamafutha ezinsalela ezimbiwa phansi. Ngakho-ke, ukubaluleka kokushintshela emithonjeni evuselelekayo akukwazi ukweqiwa.

Ezinye izimo zesimo sezulu ezishintshashintshayo njengezikhukhula, ukuzamazama komhlaba, nemililo zithinta amasistimu amaningi avuselelekayo. Ngo-2020, U-87% kagesi okhiqizwa emhlabeni jikelele, okuhlanganisa i-nuclear, thermal, namandla aphehlwa ngamanzi, kuncike ngokuqondile ekutholakaleni kwamanzi. Ngakho-ke, kubangela izinkinga kulo mkhakha. Kodwa ilanga liwuhlelo olukhulu lwamandla avuselelekayo olugqamayo ngekhono lalo lokukhiqiza amandla ngaphandle kwamanzi nasezimeni eziguquguqukayo.

Iyini i-solar futhi kungani amandla elanga ekhula ngokushesha kangaka?

Amandla elanga angumthombo wamandla avuselelekayo athatha ukukhanya kwelanga okungokwemvelo futhi akuguqule abe amandla ngamaphaneli noma izibuko ezigxilisa imisebe yelanga. La mandla angagcinwa kumabhethri noma endaweni eshisayo.

Njengoba kushiwo, amandla elanga angenye yezinto ezimbalwa ezivuselelekayo ezingathembele emanzini. Ukwengeza, amaphaneli asetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zamandla elanga ayathengeka, kulula ukuwafaka futhi eza ngosayizi abahlukene. Ngakho-ke, ama-solar panel angafakwa kalula ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene, kusukela ezindlini nasemapulazini kuya kuma-campervans. Futhi, mancane futhi ashibhile kunama-wind turbines. Ngaphezu kwalokho, basebenza ngokuthula, bayavumelana nezimo, futhi basebenza ngaso sonke isikhathi (inqobo nje uma kunelanga elithile).

Ngakho-ke, akumangazi ukuthi amandla elanga abona ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu nokukhula. Ngo-2020, imboni yelanga ikhule ngama-43% e-US. Ngo-2021, imboni yakhula ngama-23% emhlabeni jikelele, kwathi ngo-2022 kwaba khona 36% ukukhula konyaka nonyaka kuze kube nguFebhuwari uma kuqhathaniswa nezinyanga ezimbili zokuqala zonyaka odlule.

Yiziphi izici eziyinhloko zokukhula kwamandla elanga?

Ukuqwashisa ngesimo sezulu kuyisici esishukumisayo ekwamukelweni kwezinhlelo zelanga zasekhaya. Ukwengeza, ukwanda kwezidingo zamandla, njengoba inani labantu emhlabeni likhula kanye namazinga okuphila akhuphuka, okuhambisana nokukhuphuka kwezindleko zamandla kanye nesidingo sokubonakala sisimeme kubatshalizimali kanye namakhasimende ngokufanayo, kuye kwacindezela amabhizinisi amaningi ukuba ashintshele ku-solar.

Izibonelelo zikaHulumeni zamandla avuselelekayo

Emzamweni wokufinyelela imigomo yamandla ahlanzekile ku-COP27, ohulumeni emhlabeni wonke basebenzisa izindlela zokuthuthukisa ukukhula kulo mkhakha.

I-European Union isikhiphile 660 million euro ukubaluleka kwezibonelelo zokuthuthukisa okuvuselelekayo kanye nokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwe-CO2. Uxhaso lwesikhwama se-Next Generation EU luzotholakala ukuze kufakwe amaphaneli elanga ezindlini eziningi.

E-USA, izibonelelo zikahulumeni kanye nezimalimboleko ezinenzalo ephansi zikhona ukusiza amakhaya aneholo eliphansi ashintshele ezikweletini ezincishisiwe zamandla ngokuvuselelwa. Isibonelo esihle i-Green Retrofit Grant, enikezayo $ 250 million ukufakwa kwe-solar yasendlini. UMnyango Wezamandla wase-US (i-DOE) usebenzisa Uhlelo lwayo Lokusiza Ngesimo Sezulu (WAP) ukuze usize Imizi engama-35,000 ukushintshela kumandla asebenza kahle nahlanzekile unyaka nonyaka.

Izibonelelo nemalimboleko okuhloswe ngayo ukukhuthaza ukufakwa kwe-solar kusuka ezindlini kuya emabhizinisini kungatholakala emhlabeni wonke:

• Canada: izibonelelo ezitholakalayo ezindlini eziluhlaza.
• I-India: ukonga okungu-40% -50% ekufakweni kwelanga.
• China: AmaRandi ayizigidi ezingama-236 athembisa ukuxhasa amaphrojekthi elanga ngo-2022.
• Australia: izikhuthazo zokusiza imindeni namabhizinisi amancane ukuthi afake amasistimu kagesi ahlanzekile.

Ukusebenza okuthuthukisiwe kanye nezindleko ezincishisiwe

Ukusebenza kahle kwe-solar kuye kwaba ngcono kakhulu kusukela umsunguli waseMelika uCharles Fritts edale iphaneli yokuqala yelanga ngo-1883, ngokusebenza kahle kokuguqulwa kukagesi okungu-1%. Ngenxa yalokho, ohulumeni namabhizinisi amakhulu baxhase lobu buchwepheshe ngezimali, okuholele ekuthuthukisweni okukhulu ekusebenzeni kahle kokuguqulwa kwephaneli. Namuhla, amaphaneli elanga afaka i-PV, i-heterojunction, I-TOPcon, N-type, kanye ne-PERC konke kudlula ukusebenza kahle kokuguqulwa okungama-20%, okulindeleke ukuthi kukhuphuke eminyakeni ezayo 29% by 2025.

Ngaphezu kokwandisa ukusebenza kahle, ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe belanga kuye kwaholela ekunciphiseni izindleko. Isibonelo, izindleko ezimaphakathi zephaneli yelanga zehle ngo-90% ukusuka ku-2010 kuya ku-2020. Futhi, amaphrojekthi we-International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) okuthi ngo-2025, kuzoba nokunye. 59% ukunciphisa izindleko zikagesi okhiqizwa yi-solar PV.

Ukuguquguquka

Ama-solar panels okuqala atholakalayo ayengagcini nje ngokusebenza kahle futhi ebiza kakhulu, kodwa izingcezu eziqinile, ezinzima, neziguquguqukayo ezazingafaneleki ukusetshenziswa. Namuhla, amaphaneli elanga enziwe ngezinto ezihlukahlukene, okuvumela ukufakwa endaweni eningi—kusuka kumaphaneli elanga avamile afakwe ophahleni lwezindlu kuya kumaphaneli elanga aguquguqukayo oseyili bezikebhe zikaseyili.

Izinto zephaneli yelanga nazo ziyahlukahluka ngombala. Ngakho-ke, izindawo ezibonisa ngale, njengamafasitela, manje zingaba amaphaneli elanga. Lokhu kuvula isici esisha ngokuphelele, okuvumela amabhilidi akhiwe ngengilazi emhlabeni wonke ukuthi akhe amandla azo ahlanzekile futhi abe nenkambiso yezindlu zokugcina izithombo ze-agrivoltaic.

Ama-solar panel awahlukani kuphela ngokuguquguquka nombala, kodwa futhi ngobukhulu, okuvumela ukuguquguquka okukhulu. Ngakho-ke imakethe enkulu yamaphaneli elanga ikhona embonini yezimoto kanye nemikhiqizo yangaphandle, enamaphaneli elanga afakwe kuzo zonke izinhlobo zamaveni kanye namasaka okufaka amandla amafoni namalaptop lapho uhamba ngezinyawo.

Yiziphi ezinye izithiyo ekukhuleni kwelanga?

Naphezu kokukhula okukhulu embonini yelanga, kusenezinto ezimbalwa eziwubambezelayo. Isibonelo, ama-solar panel adinga izindawo ezinkulu zomhlaba. Futhi, lezi zisetshenziswa zisebenza kangcono uma kunokukhanya kwelanga. Kodwa-ke, lezi zinselele zixazululwa ngamayunithi okugcina amabhethri asebenzayo kanye ukulima kwe-agrivoltaic-lapho ukulima kwendabuko kuhlanganiswe nokulima ngelanga endaweni eyodwa.

Inkinga enkulu kancane ethuthukayo kodwa esenendlela encane okufanele ihambe ngayo ukusebenza kahle kwamaphaneli elanga. Izinhlobo ezintsha zamaseli elanga ziyathuthukiswa emhlabeni wonke, nokho, izinga lokusebenza kahle elingama-20% lisho ukuthi u-80% wemisebe yelanga eshaya amaphaneli uyamoshwa. Ukwengeza, naphezu kokukhiqiza amaphaneli elanga ahlanzekile, ezinye zezingxenye zawo azivuseleleki. Njengoba utshalomali nocwaningo kule ndawo lukhula, ukusebenza kahle kwamaphaneli elanga kuzothuthuka futhi kuvuseleleke, izinto ezingezona ezinobuthi zizosetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni kwazo.

Isiphetho

Imboni yelanga ibone ukukhula okukhulu kule minyaka eyishumi edlule, hhayi nje ekutholweni kodwa nasekuthuthukeni kwezobuchwepheshe. Nge-COP27 kanye neyamanje inkinga yamandla, kuzoba nengcindezi eyengeziwe yokufinyelela ukungathathi hlangothi kwe-carbon, futhi ohulumeni emhlabeni wonke bazotshala imali eyengeziwe kulobu buchwepheshe.

Ngokungangabazeki, ukukhula kwelanga kusenendlela ende okufanele kuhanjwe kuze kube yilapho kunciphisa ukukhishwa kwamagesi abamba ukushisa kube sezingeni eliphansi. Kepha kunethemba njengoba amaphaneli elanga ethola uxhaso olunyukile kanye nokutholwa minyaka yonke ukuze kugqugquzelwe ukuguqukela emnothweni oluhlaza.