Iyini Imikhawulo Yokupakishwa Kwepulasitiki?

Umhlaba usuqaphela kakhulu usongo olubangelwa udoti wepulasitiki, njengoba amazwe amaningi esebenzisa uhlaka lokulawula ukuze kukhawulwe ukusetshenziswa kwepulasitiki. Amazwe amaningi avimbele ukusetshenziswa kwepulasitiki okukodwa, kanti amanye akhiphe izijeziso ezinzima kubakhiqizi abephula imithetho yemvelo. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukukhanya ngezinhlelo ezihlukahlukene ezisetshenziswa amazwe ahlukene ukulwa nokungcoliswa kwepulasitiki.

Okuqukethwe
I-landscape yemikhawulo yepulasitiki
Izinqubo zokupakisha zepulasitiki ezishintshayo emhlabeni jikelele
Izinhlobo zemikhiqizo yokupakisha engaboli
Isiphetho

I-landscape yemikhawulo yepulasitiki

Njengoba ukuqwashisa ngomthelela ongcolisayo wepulasitiki kukhula, uhulumeni, ama-NGO, kanye namabhizinisi basebenzela ukwehlisa i-carbon footprint. Amazwe amaningana ashaye imithetho ehlobene nepulasitiki, futhi angaphezu kuka-60 ethule ukuvinjelwa kanye nezintela kudoti osetshenziswa kanye kanye nokupakishwa kwepulasitiki.

Isixazululo sokungcoliswa kwepulasitiki siyinkimbinkimbi futhi sinezici eziningi njengoba imithombo yepulasitiki ihlukahluka, kusukela emabhodleleni kuya emaphaketheni nasezindwangu. Ngakho, impendulo yomhlaba wonke iyadingeka lapho izinhlaka zikazwelonke, zesifunda, nezamazwe ngamazwe zibambisana. Naphezu kokukhula kokuqwashisa, isenzo sesikhathi eside sezizwe eziningi siyadingeka.

Amazwe ahlukene asebenzise izindlela ezahlukene, amanye ahamba phambili kanti amanye asalele. Ake sihlole ukuthi imithetho ithuthuka kanjani emazweni emhlabeni jikelele.

Izinqubo zokupakisha zepulasitiki ezishintshayo emhlabeni jikelele

Europe

Ngokwethula imithetho ngo-2018, i-EU yaba yisifunda sokuqala ukwamukela amasu anolaka okubhekana nenkinga yokulahlwa kwepulasitiki. Bazibophezele ekwenzeni konke ukupakishwa kwepulasitiki emakethe ye-EU kusetshenziswe kabusha ngo-2030, ukunciphisa amapulasitiki asetshenziswa kanye, kanye nokukhawulela ama-microplastics.

Ngaphansi kwale nqubomgomo, wonke amabhodlela eziphuzo ze-PET kumele okungenani abe nama-25% kabusha amapulasitiki aqala ngo-2025 futhi akhuphukela ku-30% ngo-2030. Yonke le mithetho ikhulisa isidingo sezinto ezigaywe kabusha.

I-EU yethula intela yepulasitiki kudoti ongagaywe kabusha ukuze kwenyuswe amanani okugaywa kabusha ngo-2021. Izinto ezisetshenziswayo ezinezinye izindlela ezitholakala mahhala zivinjelwe kusukela maphakathi no-2021, okuhlanganisa utshani, izinto zokusika ezilahlwayo, izinti zikakotini, neziqukathi zokudla zepulasitiki. Futhi emikhiqizweni enezinye izindlela ezimbalwa, umyalelo uthi ukusetshenziswa kufanele kwehliswe okungenani ngo-50%.

Isibopho sikubakhiqizi kuphela, nezinhlawulo ezimbalwa zokungathobeli. Kulindeleke ukuthi zibambe iqhaza, zikhokhele ukuqoqwa kukadoti nezinye izinqubo, futhi zifundise abasebenzisi ngomthelela wepulasitiki endaweni ezungezile.

Intela yokupakisha yase-UK

Intela yokupakisha yepulasitiki yase-UK (PPT) yaqala ukusebenza ngo-Ephreli 2022, ikhuthaza abakhiqizi ukuthi babambe iqhaza ekushintsheni ezintweni ezigcina imvelo futhi bathuthukise izakhiwo zemikhiqizo yabo ezigaywa kabusha.

Amaphakheji epulasitiki aqukethe amapulasitiki agaywe kabusha angaphansi kuka-30%, okuhlanganisa nezimpahla ezingenisiwe, azokhokhiswa intela ngaphansi kwalo myalelo. Kukhona, nokho, okuhlukile okumbalwa kwezimpahla ezithile, njengokupakishwa kwemithi.

Uhulumeni wase-UK uphinde wasebenzisa i-Green Claims Code ukwenza ukubambelela ezinhlelweni zezemvelo kube lula ngangokunokwenzeka. Le Khodi icacisa ukuthi amabhizinisi angakwazi kanjani ukumaketha noma yiziphi izimangalo eziluhlaza.

Izimangalo ze-eco zamanga futhi zizoholela ezijezisweni ezinzima ezivela kwa-Advertising Standards Authority (ASA) namacala obugebengu. Lesi sinyathelo sethulwa ukuze kuvikelwe abasebenzisi futhi kuqinisekiswe ukuthotshelwa kwemithetho yezemvelo.

France

I-France izibekele umgomo wokuvuselela kabusha amapulasitiki angu-100% ngo-2025 nokuqeda amapulasitiki asetshenziswa kanye ngo-2040. Wonke amapulasitiki okupakisha imifino nezithelo avinjelwe kusukela ngoJanuwari 2022. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindlu zokushicilela azisavunyelwe ukusebenzisa ipulasitiki ukugoqa; izindawo zokudlela zivinjelwe ukusebenzisa izinto zokusika zepulasitiki, futhi kufakwa nemithombo yamanzi yomphakathi ukuze kuncishiswe ukusetshenziswa kwamabhodlela epulasitiki.

Izinto ezifana ne-styrofoam, utshani bepulasitiki, nezinkomishi konke kuvinjelwe ngo-2021. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amabhizinisi athengisela abathengi base-French kufanele abhalise ukupakishwa kwawo ngohlelo lwase-France lokugaywa kabusha. Ngaphansi komthetho wokupakisha wase-French, izinkampani zikhokha kancane ngokupakishwa okungase kusetshenziswe kabusha.

Asia

China

Uhulumeni ukhiphe uhlu lweziqondiso ezizofakwa kancane kancane. Olokuqala wukuvinjelwa kwezikhwama zepulasitiki ezingaboli, okuzosetshenziswa kulo lonke elaseChina ngo-2025. Utshani nezinye izinto zepulasitiki ezilahlwayo zizovalwa ngokuphelele ekupheleni kuka-2025.

Ngaleso sikhathi, wonke amahhotela amakhulu nezindawo zokudlela ziyekile ukuthengisa imikhiqizo yepulasitiki kusukela ngo-2022, futhi amabhizinisi amancane kulindeleke ukuthi aqede konke ukupakishwa kwepulasitiki ngo-2025. Izimboni zokungenisa izihambi, isevisi yokudla, kanye nezokupakisha ziyakhuthazwa ukuthi zisebenzise izinto ezigaywe kabusha futhi ngokugcwele. okonakele ezinye izindlela futhi utshale imali kumasu amasha okukhiqiza ukuze uwasekele.

India

I-India ihlose ukuqeda amapulasitiki asetshenziswa kanye kusukela ngo-2022. Cishe u-60% wemfucuza yepulasitiki kabusha, kodwa u-40% osele ulahliwe futhi usetshenziswa njengendawo yokulahla imfucuza ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene.

Nakuba izinto zepulasitiki zivinjelwe futhi zivinjelwe ezindaweni ezithile, ukuvinjelwa kukazwelonke akwanele futhi kudinga imithetho eqinile. Uhulumeni uphinde watshala imali emikhankasweni yokuqwashisa abantu ukuze kusabalale lesi sifo.

Uhulumeni weluleke abakhiqizi abapakishayo ukuthi bahambisane nezinkambiso zokupakisha noma babhekane nezigwegwe. Le mithetho izongeniswa ngezigaba, kube nezinto ezincane ezifana nezisonga zikamaskandi kube ngezokuqala.

Umnyango futhi usebenzela ukuthuthukisa imithetho ye-EPR esebenza kangcono ezweni ukuze kuncishiswe imfucuza yepulasitiki.

Japan kanye Thailand

Abathengisi namabhizinisi amancane kudingeka ngokomthetho ukuthi behlise imikhiqizo yepulasitiki elahlwayo noma babhekane nezinhlawulo kusukela ngo-April 2022. Kodwa-ke, imigomo yokulawula iyahluka, futhi izinyathelo ezithile zokunciphisa zixhomeke ngokuphelele kubanikazi bamabhizinisi.

Amaketanga amahhotela asebenzise lo mthetho ngokunciphisa amapulasitiki njengezixubho zepulasitiki nezinye izinto eziningi. Ngaleso sikhathi, iThailand ivimbele ukusetshenziswa kwepulasitiki okukodwa kusukela ngo-2020, okuholele ekwehleni kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezimbili zokusetshenziswa kwezikhwama zepulasitiki ngonyaka ofanayo.

Australia

I-Australian Packaging Covenant Organisation (APCO) ibambisana nohulumeni kanye namabhizinisi anentshisekelo ukunciphisa nokuphinda kusetshenziswe imfucuza yepulasitiki. Amabhizinisi akhuthazwa ukuthi ajoyine isivumelwano, lapho elulekwa khona ukuthi aqhubekisele phambili izinyathelo zawo ezisimeme futhi athuthukise ukuphinda kusetshenziswe umkhiqizo. Njengamanje, amabhizinisi angaphezu kwe-1500 asayine lesi sifungo, ahlose ukwenza ukupakishwa kwawo kusetshenziswe kabusha, kusetshenziswe kabusha, noma kuhlanganiswe ngo-2025.

Imithetho yokupakisha idinga ukuthi okungenani u-70% wamaphakeji aqondene nepulasitiki aphinde asetshenziswe ngo-2025 nokuthi ama-50% ezinto zokupakisha enziwe kabusha izinto zokwakha ngo-2025. Uhulumeni futhi uhlose ukuqeda wonke amapulasitiki asetshenziswa kanye ngo-2025.

i-America esenyakatho

I-united states

Imithetho yokwenqatshelwa kwepulasitiki eNyakatho Melika ayifani, futhi izikweletu neziphakamiso ziyahlukahluka ngokwezifunda. I-United States ingelinye lamazwe anegalelo elibaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni emfucumfucwini futhi inezinga eliphansi kakhulu lokugaywa kabusha, nakuba lokhu kuhluka kakhulu ngokwezifundazwe. Izifundazwe eziyishumi e-United States zinemithetho yediphozi noma izikweletu zamabhodlela, futhi izinga lokuphinda lisetshenziswe kulezi zifundazwe lingu-54%, okuyisilinganiso esiphindwe kabili kwezwe.

Amanani aphezulu kakhulu okugaywa kabusha ase-California, Michigan, nase-Oregon, kanti i-Maine inenani eliphakeme kakhulu lokuphinda ligaywe elingu-78%. Ngo-2021, uhulumeni waphasisa uMthetho We-Break Free From Plastic Pollutions Act, ohlose ukuqeda amapulasitiki asetshenziswa kanyekanye ngoJanuwari 2023.

Izikhwama zepulasitiki ezisetshenziswa kanye kuphela okwamanje azivunyelwe ezifundazweni eziyisishiyagalombili: Connecticut, California, Hawaii, Maine, New York, Delaware, Oregon, naseVermont. I-New Jersey Senate yaphasisa umthetho odinga amabhodlela epulasitiki neziqukathi ukuthi ziqukathe okungenani u-10-15% wezinto ezigaywe kabusha phakathi neminyaka emibili ezayo.

Canada

Uhulumeni waseCanada uhlongoze umthetho wokuvimbela amapulasitiki asetshenziswa kanye ngo-2021. Umgomo walo mthetho uwukwenqabela ukungeniswa, ukukhiqizwa, nokudayiswa kwezinhlobo eziyisithupha zamapulasitiki asetshenziswa kanye, okuhlanganisa izinto zokusika, izinto ezithwala izindandatho, nezikhwama.

Melika Ephakathi naseNingizimu

Chile

I-Chile iyizwe lokuqala laseNingizimu Melika ukuvimba amapulasitiki asetshenziswa kanye, ngenxa yoMthetho 21368, owaphasiswa ngo-August 2021. Izitsha zepulasitiki, izitsha zokudla ze-styrofoam, nezinto zokusika zepulasitiki konke kuvinjelwe.

I-Chile isebenzela ukuqinisa umthetho ozodinga amabhodlela abuyiselwayo ezindaweni zokugcina izimpahla nasezitolo ngo-Agasti 2023. Basebenzela futhi ukwenza iziqukathi ezigaywa kabusha noma ezihlanganiswayo kanye nezinto eziwuketshezi zibe yimpoqo ezindaweni zokudlela nasemabhizinisini amancane kusukela ngo-2024.

Brazil

Izinhlangano zendawo zemvelo ezifana ne-UNEP ne-Oceana zenza imikhankaso yokuqwashisa yokuvimbela amapulasitiki asetshenziswa kanye ezweni lonke. Bafinyelele esivumelwaneni nensizakalo evelele yokulethwa kokudla ezweni, i-ifood, yokuqeda ukuhlinzekwa kwabo ngamapulasitiki asetshenziswa kanye ngo-2021.

Izinhlobo zemikhiqizo yokupakisha engaboli

Amakhasimende afuna ukupakishwa kwe-eco-friendly, okufaka amabhizinisi ngaphansi kwengcindezi. Nazi ezinye ezidume kakhulu iphakheji eco-friendly ezinye izindlela zamabhizinisi.

I-Cornstarch- Izinto ezisekelwe kummbila zingaguqulwa zibe i-fiber noma ifilimu yokupakisha, nayo engabizi kakhulu ngenxa yezindleko eziphansi kanye nokulula kokukhiqizwa kwezinto ezingavuthiwe. Ngenxa yokuthi zakhiwe ngokuphelele ama-biomass adliwayo, izinto ezinjalo aziyingcolisi indawo ezungezile lapho zilahlwe kahle.

Ukupakishwa kwe-Biodegradable amantongomane- Ayindlela eco-friendly esikhundleni samantongomane epulasitiki avamile futhi angavikela kalula izimpahla. Angachithwa emgqonyeni womquba noma ahlakazwe emanzini. Nokho, zinesisindo esithe xaxa kunozakwabo.

Ipulasitiki encibilikayo emanzini-Yenziwe nge-polyvinyl alcohol, i-polymer yokwenziwa engenazo izinsimbi ezinobuthi obunzima. Zincibilika emanzini ashisayo futhi zivame ukusetshenziselwa ukupakisha izingubo.

Amasimu oqalo- bamboo anomthelela omncane kwezemvelo ngoba awadingi izibulala-zinambuzane futhi avuseleleka ngokuphelele. Ivundisa ngezinyanga eziyisithupha futhi iyindlela ehlukile yokhuni.

Isiphetho

Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, amapulasitiki asetshenziswa kanye negalelo elikhulu emfucumfucwini wepulasitiki, futhi amazwe amaningana athathe izinyathelo zokuwenqabela ngokuphelele. Amabhizinisi nabakhiqizi kumele balandele imithetho yesifunda yokulawulwa kwepulasitiki noma babhekane nezijeziso zezezimali. Nakuba ohulumeni emhlabeni wonke sebeqalile ukumisa imithetho elawula ukusetshenziswa kwepulasitiki, kuningi okumelwe kwenziwe ukuze kubhekwane nenkinga yepulasitiki.