Iyini i-CBM: Isetshenziswa Nini Futhi Ibalwa Kanjani I-CBM

Ake ucabange ungenisa imikhiqizo yegwebu, okuyizinto ezingase zenze izindleko eziphezulu kuzo zonke izindleko ze-supply chain? Kungase kumangaze abanye ukuthola ukuthi izindleko zokuthumela ziphakathi kwezibaluleke kakhulu. Ngempela, ukuhambisa i-1 kg yemikhiqizo yegwebu kuvame ukubiza kakhulu kunokuthumela i-1 kg yezitini ngenxa yomgomo we-CBM, obeka ukubaluleka okukhulu endaweni phezu kwesisindo kanye nemvelo yamanani entengo.

Ukuze ufunde kabanzi mayelana nokuthi iyini i-CBM, isetshenziswa nini kakhulu, kanye nendlela yokubala i-CBM—okuhlanganisa nendlela yokunquma izindleko zempahla kusetshenziswa i-CBM—funda ukuze uthole imininingwane.

Okuqukethwe
1. Yini i-CBM
2. Isetshenziswa nini i-CBM
3. Ibalwa kanjani i-CBM kanye nezindleko zempahla kusetshenziswa i-CBM
4. Ukunemba kokusebenza kahle kwe-supply chain

Yini i-CBM

I-CBM (Cubic Meter) iyunithi yokulinganisa ivolumu esetshenziselwa ukunquma ivolumu yesikhala esithathwa ukuthunyelwa, kugxilwe esisindweni saso sevolumu kunesisindo esiphelele sangempela. Izibalo ze-CBM zingasetshenziswa kumajamo ahlukahlukene, noma ngabe ajwayelekile noma ajwayelekile, ngamafomula akhethekile amaphakheji angama-cylindrical. Nakuba ifana ne-CFT (Cubic Feet), i-CBM isebenzisa amamitha njengeyunithi yokulinganisa, evame ukusetshenziswa emhlabeni wonke, kuyilapho i-CFT isebenzisa izinyawo futhi isetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko e-US.

Isetshenziswa nini i-CBM

Ukusuka ezimpahleni zasolwandle kuye ezithuthwini zamaloli nezomoya, ukubala kwe-CBM kubalulekile kuzo zonke izindlela ezihlukene zempahla ukuze kukhuliswe ukusetshenziswa kwendawo kanye nokusebenza kahle kwezindleko zokuthumela.

Kodwa-ke, ngokwezindlela zokuthumela, i-CBM ilusizo kakhulu ku-Less Container Load (LCL) ekuthuthweni kwasolwandle, I-Less Truck Load (LTL) ekuthuthweni kwamaloli, kanye nempahla yokuthutha emoyeni ehlanganisiwe. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi zonke lezi zinhlobo zokuthumela zihilela ukwabelana ngesikhala nabanye abathumeli, lapho izindleko zisekelwe engxenyeni ehlalayo yendawo yezimpahla kunesisindo sangempela. Ukubala kwe-CBM kubaluleke kakhulu kulezi zindlela zokuthumela ezisekelwe kumthamo ukuze kutholwe inani eliphelele levolumu noma indawo bese kusiza ngokulandelayo ukulinganisa zonke izindleko zokuhamba.

Ibalwa kanjani i-CBM kanye nezindleko zempahla kusetshenziswa i-CBM

Ibalwa kanjani i-CBM

Kafushane, ukubala kwe-CBM kungase kuqonde, vele siphindaphinde ubude bephasela (L), ububanzi (W), nobude (H) ndawonye. Ngokuqondene nempahla enosayizi oxubile ehlanganisa osayizi bephakheji abahlukahlukene, yenza ukubala kwe-CBM kusayizi wento ngayinye bese uhlanganisa wonke amanani ukuze uthole isamba esikhulu. Okulandelayo amafomula alula naqondile okubala isamba se-CBM yamaphasela avamile kanye namaphakheji anomumo ongajwayelekile okuhlanganisa namaphasela angama-cylindrical:

Ifomula yokubala i-CBM yamaphasela avamile= L x W x H

Ifomula yokubala i-CBM yamaphakheji anomumo ongajwayelekile

= Okude Kakhulu L x Okude Kakhulu W x Okude Kakhulu H

Ifomula yokubala i-CBM yamaphasela ayisilinda = π x r² xh, lapho:

π (pi) cishe u-3.14 (izibalo ezingaguquki)

r imele irediyasi yesilinda.

h isho ukuphakama kwesilinda.

Imiqondo esemqoka yokubala inani lezindleko zempahla kusetshenziswa i-CBM

Ngaphambi kokuthi siqhubeke nokubala zonke izindleko zempahla sisebenzisa i-CBM, kunemiqondo embalwa ebalulekile okufanele inakwe:

1. isisindo Gross: Isisindo sangempela sephakheji, esimboza yonke into kusukela kunoma yiziphi izinto zokupakisha kuya kunoma imaphi amaphalethi asetshenzisiwe.

2. I-DIM Factor: I-DIM Factor imele isici se-Dimensional Weight, okuyisici sokuphindaphinda esihluka ngokuya ngendlela yokuthutha. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi, nokho, nakuba kunezici ezimbalwa ezijwayelekile ze-DIM ezitholakalayo ezindleleni ezihlukene zempahla emakethe manje, lezi zibalo zingahluka njengoba ekugcineni zinqunywa izinkampani zempahla ngokuhambisana namazinga azo okushaja eziwafisayo. I-DIM Factors ejwayelekile yezindlela ezahlukene zokuthumela zifaka:

Imodi yezimpahla	I-DIM Factor ejwayelekile	Izithombe ezinhle kakhulu zokuqukethwe
izimpahla zasolwandle	1:1000	Izinto ezihlukile ze-DIM lapha zisho ukuthi i-CBM engu-1 yevolumu ithathwa njengelingana no-1000, 3000, 6000, noma 5000 kilograms (kg) ngenjongo yokubala isisindo sobukhulu sezindlela zokuthumela ezihlukahlukene. Noma kunjalo, lokhu akusho ngempela ukuthi i-DIM factor ephakeme noma ephansi imelela ngokuqondile amanani aphezulu noma aphansi wempahla, njengoba isamba samanani sincike esilinganisweni sempahla se-CBM/ton esisethelwe izindlela zokuthumela ezihlukene. Isibonelo, impahla yasolwandle ngokuvamile inenani eliphansi le-CBM/ton uma kuqhathaniswa nokuthutha emoyeni kanye nokuthutha emgwaqeni. Ngakho-ke, inani langempela lezilinganiso zomthwalo wezimpahla zisancike kakhulu esilinganisweni ngasinye esikhokhiswayo se-CBM/ton kumodi ngayinye.
Izimpahla zomgwaqo	1:3000
Izimpahla zomoya	1:6000
Impahla ye-Courier/Express	1:5000

3. Isisindo se-Dimensional / isisindo se-volumetric: La magama amabili ayashintshana njengoba ebhekisela entweni efanayo - isisindo esisekelwe kuvolumu sento. Le ndlela ishintsha ivolumu yokuthunyelwa ibe yinani elilinganayo lesisindo, isuka ku-CBM iye ku-kg ene-DIM Factor engashintshi njengoba kuchazwe ngenhla, kodwa ngokusebenzisa amafomula ahlukene kuye ngemodi yokuthutha. Amafomula ajwayelekile ezindlela ezihlukene zokuthutha impahla ami kanje:

Ifomula yesisindo esiyi-Dimensional ye impahla yasolwandle= I-CBM × I-DIM Factor (1:1000)

Ifomula yesisindo esiyi-Dimensional ye umthwalo wezindiza	I-CBM × Ubuningi
	I-DIM Factor (1:6000)

Ifomula yesisindo esiyi-Dimensional ye izimpahla zomgwaqo	I-CBM
	I-DIM Factor (1:3000)

4. Isisindo esingakhokhwa: Ukukubeka kalula, isisindo esikhokhiswayo simele ukukhetha phakathi kwesisindo esiphelele nesisindo sohlangothi ngabathwali, kusetshenziswa okukhulu kokubili njengesisindo esingakhokhiswa. Lesi senzo samanani siqinisekisa ukuthi izinkampani zenethiwekhi zingathola inkokhelo eyanele yokuthunyelwa okusindayo noma okuthatha isikhala.            

Uzibala kanjani izindleko zempahla kusetshenziswa i-CBM

Ake sibuyekeze izindlela zokubala isamba sezindleko zempahla sisebenzisa i-CBM ngokusekelwe kubukhulu bephakheji obuhlukene bezindlela ezihlukene zempahla, njengoba ngokuvamile kungenangqondo ukusebenzisa ubukhulu bephakheji elilodwa kanye nesibonelo sesisindo esiphelele kuzo zonke izindlela ezihlukene zempahla. Izimpahla zasolwandle, isibonelo, ngokuvamile zifaneleka kakhulu ezintweni eziningi, ezisindayo, kuyilapho ukuthutha emoyeni kanye nomgwaqo kungase kungazifaneli izinto ezifanayo ngenxa yemikhawulo yazo yesikhala nemikhawulo yesisindo. Okulandelayo yizibonelo zenani eliphelele lokubalwa kwenani lempahla kusetshenziswa i-CBM yezindlela ezihlukene zempahla. Wonke amanani nobukhulu ezezinjongo zemifanekiso kuphela; ukuze uthole amanani anembile, thintana nabahlinzeki bempahla abafanelekile.

1. izimpahla zasolwandle

Isibonelo esinezithombe
Inani lempahla:	$50 i-CBM ngayinye ngethani
Ubuningi bephakheji:	1
Ubukhulu bephakheji:	Ubude (L) = 100 cm, Ububanzi (W) = 50 cm, Ubude (H) = 40 cm
isisindo Gross:	I-500 Kg
Isici se-DIM:	1:1000

CBM =	100cm × 50cm × 40cm	= I-0.2 CBM
	1,000,000 (1 cubic meter (m³) = 100 cm × 100 cm × 100 cm)

Isamba sesisindo sobukhulu= 0.2 CBM x 1000 (I-Dim Factor) = 200 Kg (0.2 ton)

Isisindo esiphelele esikhokhiswayo = isisindo esiphelele (500Kg) njengoba sikhulu kunesisindo sohlangothi (200 Kg).

Isamba sezilinganiso zempahla yasolwandle kusetshenziswa isisindo esiphelele = 0.5 ton x $50 = $250

2. Izimpahla zomoya

Isibonelo esinezithombe
Inani lempahla:	$250 i-CBM ngayinye ngethani
Ubuningi bephakheji:	1
Ubukhulu bephakheji:	Ubude (L) = 150 cm, Ububanzi (W) = 100 cm, Ubude (H) = 160 cm
isisindo Gross:	I-200 Kg
Isici se-DIM:	1:6000

*Ezokuthutha ngomoya, kuwumkhuba ojwayelekile uku sebenzisa cubic centimeters (cm³) ngokuqondile uma kubalwa isisindo sobukhulu njengoba isici se-DIM sidizayinelwe ukusebenza ngamavolumu ngama-cm³.

Isamba sesisindo sobukhulu =	Ingqikithi ye-CBM= 150cm×100cm×160cm = 2400000cm³ x 1 (ubuningi)	= 400Kg     (0.4 amathani)
	6000 (Dim Factor)

Isisindo esiphelele esikhokhiswayo = Njengoba isisindo sobukhulu (400 kg) sikhulu kunesisindo esiphelele (200 kg), isisindo esingakhokhiswa ngu-400 kg.

Isamba sezilinganiso zokuthutha emoyeni kusetshenziswa isisindo sobukhulu= 0.4 ton x $250 = $100

3. Izimpahla zomgwaqo

Isibonelo esinezithombe
Inani lempahla:	$60 i-CBM ngayinye ngethani
Ubuningi bephakheji:	1
Ubukhulu bephakheji (cm*):	Ubude (L) = 120 cm, Ububanzi (W) = 90 cm, Ubude (H) = 50 cm
isisindo Gross:	I-150 Kg
Isici se-DIM:	1:3000

*Ngempahla yomgwaqo, efana nempahla yomoya, isikhathi esiningi ama-cubic centimeters (cm³) asetshenziswa ngokuqondile lapho kubalwa isisindo sobukhulu.

Isamba sesisindo sobukhulu =	Ingqikithi ye-CBM= 120cm×90cm×50cm = 540000cm³	= 180Kg      (0.18 amathani)
	3000 (Dim Factor)

Isisindo esiphelele esikhokhiswayo = Njengoba isisindo sobukhulu (180 kg) sikhulu kunesisindo esiphelele (150 kg), isisindo esingakhokhiswa ngu-180 kg.

Isamba sezilinganiso zezimpahla zomgwaqo zisebenzisa isisindo sobukhulu= 0.18 ton x $60 = $10.8

Ukunemba kokusebenza kahle kwe-supply chain

I-CBM iwumqondo wokubala osebenzayo, owusizo, futhi ophumelelayo wokunquma ukuthunyelwa okususelwa kumthamo nokuthatha isikhala. Iwusizo kakhulu ekuthunyelweni kwe-LCL (Ngaphansi Komthwalo Wesitsha) kanye ne-LTL (Ngaphansi Kokulayishwa Kwamaloli), njengoba kusiza ukwandisa isikhala, ukubala izindleko, nokwenza lula yonke inqubo yezinto. Ukunemba okunjalo kubalulekile ekusebenzeni kahle kwe-supply chain kanye nokusebenza kahle kwezindleko.

Ukuze usebenzise ngokugcwele amafomula e-CBM ukubala isamba sezindleko zempahla yokuthunyelwa, umuntu kufanele azuze ukuqonda umqondo we-CBM, isisindo esiphelele, i-DIM Factor, isisindo sobukhulu, nesisindo esingakhokhiswa. Ngokusebenzisa amafomula e-CBM kanye nokunqunywa kwesici esinqunyiwe se-DIM, abahlinzeki bempahla bayakwazi ukusebenzisa indlela yokubeka amanani engabhekana nakho kokubili ukulinganiselwa kwabo kwesisindo nokukhathazeka kwendawo.

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