Iyini Indawo Yokuhweba Ngangaphandle

I-United States iyisizinda sohwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe futhi izinkampani eziningi zasekhaya zithembele ekuthengisweni kwamanye amazwe nasekuthumeleni kwamanye amazwe ukuze zenze ibhizinisi. Kodwa-ke, imisebenzi ehlolwayo ekuthengisweni kwamanye amazwe iyizindleko eziphezulu zamabhizinisi. Eqinisweni, ngo-2021, imali engenayo evela emisebenzini yokungenisa e-United States yaphelela $ 80 billion, okubikezelwa ukuthi izokwenyuka ifinyelele ku-$110 billion ngo-2032. Lo mthwalo wezezimali wenza kube nzima kakhulu kumabhizinisi asekhaya ukuncintisana ezimakethe zangaphandle.

Ukushintsha kwepharadigm ekuthuthukisweni komnotho kwenze kwadingeka ukuthi kuthathwe indlela entsha yenqubomgomo yezomnotho. Amazwe amaningi sekuyisikhathi eside esungula izindawo eziyisipesheli zezomnotho (ama-SEZ) njengendlela yokuheha abatshalizimali bakwamanye amazwe, ukukhuthaza imisebenzi yasekhaya, kanye nokukhuthaza ukukhula komnotho. Lesi sihloko sihlola isigaba esikhethekile sama-SEZ aziwa ngokuthi Izindawo Zohwebo Zangaphandle e-United States. Ekupheleni kwalokhu okuthunyelwe kwebhulogi, amabhizinisi azokwazi ukuthi yiziphi izindawo zohwebo lwangaphandle, yiziphi izinzuzo azinikezayo, nokuthi zihluke kanjani ezindaweni zohwebo lwamahhala. Ngakho-ke ake siphuze ikhofi bese sicwila phakathi!

Okuqukethwe
Iyini indawo yohwebo lwangaphandle?
Yiziphi izinzuzo zendawo yohwebo lwangaphandle?
Indawo yokuhweba yamahhala vs indawo yohwebo lwangaphandle
I-FTZ yokwenza izinto ngendlela efanele kanye nokugeleza kwemali okuthuthukisiwe

Iyini indawo yohwebo lwangaphandle?

Ibhodi Lezindawo Zohwebo Lwangaphandle (I-FTZB), ngaphansi koMthetho Wezindawo Zohwebo Lwangaphandle ka-1934, usungule izindawo zokuhwebelana zangaphandle njengendlela yokuthuthukisa umsebenzi wokukhiqiza wasekhaya ngokunikeza izinkampani ezifanelekile izinxephezelo zentela zokugcinwa, ukuhlanganiswa, nokucutshungulwa kwezimpahla ezingenisiwe ngaphakathi kwezindawo ezimisiwe zase-United States. I-US Customs and Border Protection (I-CBP) yengamela lezi zindawo, ezitholakala ezweni lonke ngezingaphezu kuka-200 ama-FTZ agunyaziwe esebenza namuhla.

Izimpahla ezingaphakathi kwendawo yohwebo lwangaphandle zibhekwa ngaphandle kwesifunda sase-United States ngezinjongo ezihlobene nomsebenzi. Kodwa kusho ukuthini lokhu kumabhizinisi? Kusho ukuthi okuthengiswayo kwamanye amazwe ku-FTZ kungabanjwa, kusetshenzwe, noma kwenziwe ngaphandle kokuthola intela yempahla yase-US noma izintela kuze kube yilapho bephuma endaweni yohwebo lwangaphandle. Lokhu kuvumela abakhiqizi ukuthi behlise noma babambezele ukukhokhwa kwemisebenzi esebenzayo nezintela ezimpahleni ezingenisiwe.

Yiziphi izinzuzo zendawo yohwebo lwangaphandle?

Izindawo zohwebo lwangaphandle zingasiza izinkampani ezizinze e-US ukuthi ziqhudelane nezimbangi zakwamanye amazwe ezihlomula emisebenzini eshibhile nezindawo zokukhiqiza ezingabizi kakhulu. Izinzuzo zokusebenza ngaphakathi kwe-FTZ ziyahlukahluka kuye ngokuthi inkampani iyangenisa noma iyathekelisa, hlobo luni lokusebenza enalo, nokuthi hlobo luni lwegunya olunikezwa Ibhodi le-FTZ noma i-CBP.

Ukukhululwa emisebenzini

Uma esebenza ngaphakathi kwe-FTZ, amabhizinisi angagwema ukukhokha imisebenzi kanye nezindleko ze-quota ezintweni ezithunyelwe kabusha. Lokhu kusho ukuthi bangangenisa izimpahla, bazikhohlise, bese bezithumela kabusha ngaphandle kokukhokha intela yase-US. Abakhiqizi nabo banelungelo lemihlomulo yamahhala uma bekhiqiza inani elikhulu lezinto ezilahlwayo. I-FTZ ivumela izinkampani ukuthi zicekele phansi noma zidle izimpahla zazo ukuze zisetshenziswe ngaphakathi ngaphandle kokukhokha izintela nemisebenzi ehambisanayo. Lokhu kungasiza amabhizinisi ehlise izindleko ze-overhead futhi akhulise umugqa wawo ophansi.

Ukuhlehliswa kwemisebenzi

Imisebenzi esebenzayo ifuneka kuphela lapho imikhiqizo ishiya indawo yokuhwebelana yangaphandle futhi ingena endaweni yamasiko yase-US. Ngamanye amazwi, amabhizinisi angabambezela izibopho zokukhokha intela ezimpahleni ezingenisiwe zize zihoxiswe ukuze kuhwetshwe ngazo emakethe yase-US. Abangenisi bangasebenzisa imisebenzi ehlehlisiwe ukuze basize amabhizinisi abo aphathe ukungena kwemali ukucindezela nokunciphisa ama-overheads abo.

Amabhizinisi angaphinda athumele izimpahla zisuka kwenye i-FTZ ziye kwenye ngaphandle kokukhokha izindleko zentela. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi "ukudluliswa kwendawo-kuya-zone"Noma"i-cross-docking”, futhi iwusizo ikakhulukazi ezinkampanini ezinezinsiza eziningi, noma ezinamakhasimende angezansi nawo atholakala ku-FTZ.

Ukwehliswa kwezintela

Izindawo zohwebo lwangaphandle zingasiza izinkampani zehlise izindleko zemisebenzi yazo ngokusebenzisa indlela “yokuguqula amanani”. Lesi yisimo esenzeka lapho umkhiqizo wokugcina ovela emisebenzini yokukhiqiza e-FTZ unenani eliphansi le-US Harmonised Tariff kunezingxenye zawo zokufaka noma izingxenye lapho ufakwa endaweni. Umphumela uba ukuthi izinkampani zigqugquzelwa ukungenisa izingxenye ezivela phesheya futhi zizihlanganise zibe okuhle okuphelile endaweni yase-US.

Ake sithathe isibonelo somkhiqizi wezimoto ongenisa amathayi namapuleti ensimbi ukuze ahlanganise izimoto. Manje, ake sithi i-US Yavumelana (Hts) amanani entengo yamapuleti ensimbi namathayi ayengu-2.5% no-3.5%, kuyilapho izimoto eziqediwe zinenani elingu-2.0% kuphela. Esikhundleni sokukhokha isilinganiso sesilinganiso somsebenzi esingu-3.0% [(2.5%+3.5%)/2], umkhiqizi wezimoto uzongenisa lezi zingxenye ngaphandle kokukhokha intela futhi ahlanganise izimoto endaweni yohwebo lwangaphandle. 

Izimoto eziqediwe zizokhokhiswa kuphela u-2.0% ekungeneni kwazo endaweni yase-US. Lokhu kuzokonga inkampani cishe u-1% ngeyunithi ngayinye. Lokho kungase kubonakale njengenani elincane, kodwa uma sikhuluma ngamakhulu ezigidi emali engenayo unyaka ngamunye, iba yinto ebaluleke kakhulu—inzuzo enkulu yezezimali embonini yezimoto!

Yize ama-FTZ engaba yinzuzo enkulu, kungaba iphutha ukucabanga ukuthi angasiza amabhizinisi agweme izintela eziyisijeziso. Isibonelo, abakhiqizi abasebenzisa ama-FTZ ukungenisa izimpahla ezivela e-China basazobhekana nezintela zeSigaba 301 (Izintela Zase-China) uma kamuva bengazange bakhiphe kabusha lezo zimpahla kwamanye amazwe angaphandle.

Ukugwema i-quota

Abakhiqizi bangasebenzisa izindawo zohwebo lwangaphandle ukuze baqongelele okokufaka kanye nezimpahla zangaphandle ezeqa isilinganiso sabo sokungenisa, okungenzeka sibavumele ukuthi basebenzise amanani aphansi futhi bakwazi ukufinyelela ezintweni ezintsha ngokushesha nje lapho isabelo esisha sisungulwa kabusha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimpahla ezithile ezingaphansi kwemikhawulo yesabelo zisengashintshwa ngenkathi zisendaweni yohwebo lwangaphandle ukuze zikhiqize izinto ezintsha, ezihlukile ezingekho ngaphansi kwesabelo.

Indawo yokuhweba yamahhala vs indawo yohwebo lwangaphandle

Izindawo zohwebo lwamahhala, njengoba zisungulwe kwamanye amazwe amaningi kune-US, futhi izindawo zohwebo lwangaphandle ziyizigaba ezimbili ezihlukene zezindawo zezomnotho ezikhethekile, ezihlinzeka ngokuncishiswa kwentela noma ukukhululwa ezinkampanini ezisebenza ngaphakathi kwendawo ebekiwe. Indawo yohwebo lwamahhala ivamise ukuba yindawo ekhethiwe engaphakathi kwemingcele yezwe, futhi izinkampani ngokuvamile kufanele zihambise ngokoqobo ukusebenza kwazo endaweni ukuze zithole ukukhululwa kwentela ekhethekile nokulawula.

Izindawo zohwebo lwangaphandle, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ziyizimo ezingokomthetho ezinikezwe Ibhodi lase-US FTZ. Futhi nakuba ama-FTZ amaningi etholakala noma eduze namachweba okungena e-CBP, ukuthutha ngokomzimba akudingekile ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuze inkampani ithole isimo se-FTZ. Inkampani ingavele ikhethe indawo ekhona noma ingxenye yendawo ukuze ifake isicelo sendawo yohwebo lwangaphandle. 

I-FTZ yokwenza izinto ngendlela efanele kanye nokugeleza kwemali okuthuthukisiwe

Ngokusebenzisa indawo yohwebo lwangaphandle (i-FTZ), amabhizinisi azinze e-US kanye nabakhiqizi bangagcina izindleko zabo ziphansi, basebenze ngempumelelo nangempumelelo kakhudlwana, futhi bahlele izinqubo zabo zokungena ezinsizeni ezisemthethweni. Izinkampani zingafaka isicelo sendawo yohwebo lwangaphandle ngokuvakashela iwebhusayithi esemthethweni ye Ukuphathwa Kwezohwebo Lwamanye Amazwe, kodwa kufanele baqale bafunde kanjani US Customs ihlola imisebenzi nezintela ezithengwayo.

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