Kungani ama-Perovskites Angathatha Amaseli Elanga Awayise Ezindaweni Ezintsha Eziphakeme

Ishintshela ku amandla avuselelweko njengamandla elanga abalulekile ekulweni nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Kodwa-ke, nakuba ubuchwepheshe belanga buye benza igxathu elimangalisayo kusukela baqala, busadinga ubuchwepheshe obusha ukuze bube enye indlela esebenza ngayo kumafutha ezinto ezimbiwa phansi. Kulesi simo, ama-perovskites, okusungulwe kwakamuva emkhakheni wamandla avuselelekayo, angase abe umguquli wegeyimu ekuthuthukisweni kwamandla asebenzayo elanga.

Amaphaneli elanga avamile enziwa kusetshenziswa i-crystalline silicon (c-Si) noma ubuchwepheshe belanga obuyifilimu encane, obusebenza kahle obulinganiselwe. Kodwa-ke, ama-perovskite ayizimo zekristalu ezingasindi futhi eziguquguqukayo ezingafakwa kalula kunoma iyiphi indawo, eguquguqukayo noma ebhalwe phansi. Ngenxa yalokhu, zingaholela ekudalweni kwezinto ezincane nezilula amaphaneli elanga, ekwazi ukusebenza ekamelweni lokushisa futhi ikhiqize ugesi owengeziwe ovela elangeni ngenani eliphansi kunamaseli elanga e-silicon.

Nakuba kungekho ukusetshenziswa kwe-perovskites okwenziwe ukuhweba okwamanje, kuyisihloko socwaningo oluqhubekayo nokutshalwa kwezimali. Njengoba izinkampani eziningi zifuna ukusebenzisa amandla azo, manje yisikhathi esihle sokufunda ngamaseli elanga e-perovskite, ubuchwepheshe bawo, nokuthi ahluke kanjani kumaseli elanga endabuko.

Okuqukethwe
Iyini i-perovskite?
Amaseli elanga e-perovskite enziwa kanjani?
Izinhlobo ezahlukene zamaseli elanga e-perovskite
Amaseli elanga e-Perovskite ngokumelene namaseli elanga e-crystalline silicon
Isiphetho

Iyini i-perovskite?

Ngokungafani ne-crystalline abicah, i-perovskites iwumndeni wezinto ezinesakhiwo se-crystal esiyingqayizivele esifana ne-mineral yegama elifanayo elatholwa okokuqala eRussia ngo-1839. Kodwa-ke, kuze kube yi-2006 lapho ama-perovskites aqala ukucwaninga njengezinto ezithintekayo, nemiphumela yocwaningo eyanyatheliswa eminyakeni emithathu kamuva, ku-2009.

Kunezinhlobo eziningana ze-perovskites ezikhona. I-perovskite yokuqala eyatholwa yayine-calcium titanium oxide. Kamuva, kwatholakala izinhlobo eziningi ze-perovskite, kuhlanganise nalezo eziqukethe i-methyl ammonium lead triiodide. Noma kunjalo, ama-perovskites anenzuzo kakhulu embonini yelanga yilawo Amakristalu eyenziwe ngama-athomu e-organic kanye ne-inorganic axhunywe kuthini noma kuma-athomu omthofu.

Ama-Perovskites athembisa kakhulu ku-3^rd isizukulwane Photovoltaic (PV) izinhlelo, okubenza bashintshe umdlalo embonini yelanga. Eminyakeni emihlanu eyedlule, ukusebenza kahle kwe-perovskite solar cell kwatholakala ukuthi kwenyukile kusuka ngaphansi kuka-4% kuya ngaphezulu. 20%. Eminyakeni engu-15 ezayo, ukusebenza kahle kwazo kubikezelwa ukuthi kuzokhuphuka kuze kudlule 30%. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, kukholakala ukuthi amaseli elanga e-perovskite angase athathe indawo yamaphaneli welanga we-c-Si wendabuko kanye nama-photovoltaics amaningi amancane efilimu.

Amaseli elanga e-perovskite enziwa kanjani?

Ngamazwi alula, amangqamuzana elanga e-perovskite adalwe ngenqubo ebizwa ngokuthi "i-chemistry emanzi," lapho izinto ezifana ne-methylammonium halide, i-methylammonium lead iodide, nezinye izithasiselo zixubene nesisombululo. Le ngxube ingasetshenziswa engilazini, i-metal oxide, amaseli elanga e-silicon, ama-polymer aguquguqukayo, noma ngisho nokhuni olusobala.

Ukufakwa kwesisombululo se-perovskite kusisekelo sezinto kwenziwa nge-spin-coating, esekelwe kumqondo ofanayo nemishini ye-Spin-Art esetshenziswa izingane. Isixazululo singafuthwa noma siconsiselwe ku-substrate, bese i-substrate iphothwa ngesivinini esikhulu, okuvumela ungqimba oluncane lwesixazululo ukuthi lusakazeke ngokulinganayo ebusweni balo. Lapho i-solvent in the mix iyahwamuka, ifilimu ye-perovskite ishiywa ngemuva njengezingqimba ezincane zamakristalu e-perovskite angafakwa kalula ngentambo esitokisini selanga.

Nokho, kukhona okungaphezu kwendlela eyodwa yokukhiqiza i-perovskite amaseli elanga, njengokusizwa komhwamuko, ukufakwa kwezinyathelo ezimbili, nokubeka umhwamuko oshisayo.

Izinhlobo ezahlukene zamaseli elanga e-perovskite

Sekukonke, wonke amaseli elanga anezinto ezifanayo. Lezi zihlanganisa okungenani ungqimba olulodwa olubi, ungqimba oluhle lwezinto ezibonakalayo ze-photovoltaic, kanye ne-electrode engaphambili nangemuva eqhubayo. Ama-electrode athwala ama-electron ashajwe yilanga esuka kungqimba olunegethivu ngocingo ukuze akhiqize ugesi ngaphambi kokuwabuyisela kungqimba oluhle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngemva kokufakwa kumojula yelanga, wonke amangqamuzana elanga avaliwe ngesendlalelo se-encapsulation ukuze awavikele emonakalweni wesimo sezulu.

Manje, uma kuziwa ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene ze amaseli elanga e-perovskite, izinhlobo ezimbili zibaluleke kakhulu - amaseli amafilimu amancane namaseli we-tandem. Amaseli efilimu azacile aqukethe kuphela ama-perovskites njengento ye-photovoltaic, kuyilapho amaseli e-tandem angase abe nezendlalelo ezimbalwa ze-perovskite noma ungqimba oluncane lwe-perovskite phezu kongqimba lwe-silicon ecwebezelayo.

Kukhona namaseli e-tandem amafilimu amancane. Lapha, amaseli aqukethe ithusi izingqimba ze-indium gallium selenide (CIGS) ezimbozwe ngesendlalelo se-perovskite. Amaseli we-tandem wefilimu encane awubuchwepheshe obuvele buphelele belanga.

Amaseli elanga e-Perovskite ngokumelene namaseli elanga e-crystalline silicon

Amaseli elanga e-crystalline silicon, abhekwa njengobuchwepheshe obuvuthiwe obunezinqubo zokukhiqiza eziningi ezisungulwe kahle, bekuyinto evamile amashumi eminyaka embonini yelanga. Lezi zinesakhiwo se-AI-BSF lapho i-monocrystalline noma i-polycrystalline c-Si isetshenziswa ungqimba lwe-absorber.

Umehluko othakazelisayo phakathi kwe-perovskite ne-c-Si amandla abo okumunca ukukhanya. I-Perovskite amaseli ingaphendula ezinhlobonhlobo zemibala ku-spectrum yelanga, kuyilapho i-c-Si ikwazi ukumunca kuphela ukukhanya kobude begagasi obulingana noma obukhulu kuno-1,100 nm. Lokhu kungenxa yesakhiwo samangqamuzana e-perovskite, njengoba kuvumela ama-electron ukuba angene ngokusebenzisa izingqimba ezinzima ngokuphumelelayo. Ngenxa yalokho, bangakwazi ukuguqula inani eliphakeme lokukhanya kwelanga libe ngugesi, okufaka isandla ekusebenzeni kahle kwe-perovskites.

Ukusebenza okurekhodiwe okuphezulu kakhulu kweseli yelanga ye-perovskite 29.15%, uma kuqhathaniswa ne-25.4% ephansi eboniswa amaseli elanga e-c-Si. Uma kucatshangelwa ukuthi i-crystalline silicon Al-BSF iwubuchwepheshe obuvuthwe kakhulu, lokhu kufakazela amandla athembisayo amaphaneli elanga e-perovskite.

Ekugcineni, perovskite amaseli elanga ukwethula impahla enamandla aphansi kanye nezindleko zokucubungula ezincishisiwe. Zingabuye zenziwe ngemibala ehlukahlukene, okuvumela abathengi ukuthi benze umkhiqizo ngendlela oyifisayo ngokwezidingo zabo. Izici ezengeziwe zamaseli elanga e-perovskite, njengokuguquguquka, ukulula, nokungafihli lutho, kuye kwaqinisekisa abacwaningi nabaklami be-elekthronikhi ukuthi ukusetshenziswa okuhlukahlukene kwamaseli elanga e-perovskite kungangena esikhundleni se-c-Si. ubuchwepheshe ohambeni olude.

Abantu bangawathenga nini amaseli elanga e-perovskite? Isiphetho

Abacwaningi nochwepheshe ku amandla avuselelweko imboni ibona ama-perovskite njengento ethembisayo yokuthuthukisa amaseli elanga ashibhile, asebenza kahle, futhi anobungani bemvelo. Ngenxa yalokho, amabhizinisi amaningi nezinhlangano okwamanje zicwaninga amandla amaseli elanga e-perovskite, kuhlanganise ne-National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Oxford PV, Qcells, nabanye. Nakuba amaseli abawakhiqizayo engamaseli okuhlola osayizi wesitembu sokuposa, angakalungeli ukudayiselwa umphakathi, ukuthengisa ngezinga elikhulu kungase kungabi kude.