Ama-turbines omoya anamandla okubamba amaza omoya emvelo. Lawa majeneretha aqukethe izinjini zomoya eziphakeme kanye nezinhlelo zokulawula eziyinkimbinkimbi eziguqula amandla omoya abe ugesi ohlanzekile. Zifaneleka kahle ezindaweni ezinemimoya engaguquki, zibalulekile ekwehliseni ukuncika kumafutha ezinto ezimbiwa phansi kanye nokwandisa ukuvikeleka kwamandla. Noma ngabe inikezela ngamandla emadolobheni noma emiphakathini ekude, izinjini zomoya zihlinzeka ngesixazululo samandla avuselelekayo asebenzayo.
Lesi sihloko sizonikeza isingeniso esifushane eziphehla ugesi bese uhlola izici ezibalulekile okufanele uzicabangele lapho uthenga i-wind turbine, okuhlanganisa ukusebenza kwayo kwezezimali kanye namathrendi ezobuchwepheshe akamuva ngo-2024.
Okuqukethwe
Iyini ijeneretha yamandla omoya?
Ukubunjwa
Ukwahlukanisa
Izimo zohlelo lokusebenza
Yini okufanele uyicabangele lapho ukhetha i-generator yamandla omoya?
Ukusebenza kwezezimali
Amathrendi ezobuchwepheshe
Isiphetho sendaba
Iyini ijeneretha yamandla omoya?
A ijeneretha yamandla omoya iyithuluzi elisebenzisa amandla omoya ukuze liguqule libe ugesi, okuwubuchwepheshe obuyisisekelo bokuthola ukukhiqizwa kwamandla omoya. Ijeneretha yamandla omoya ithwebula amandla omoya ngama-blades ayo, ishayela i-rotor shaft ukuze ijikeleze, bese iguqula amandla asetshenziswayo abe amandla kagesi ngesethi yejeneretha.
Ama-turbines omoya ngokuvamile agxunyekwa emibhoshongweni emide ukuze abambe umoya ozinze futhi onamandla. Lolu hlobo lokuphehla amandla luvuseleleka ngokuphelele, luhlanzekile, futhi alukhiqizi igesi ebamba ukushisa noma okunye ukungcola, ngakho-ke lubhekwa njengenye yemithombo ebaluleke kakhulu yamandla aluhlaza.
Ngokuya ngomklamo nokusetshenziswa kwawo, izinjini zomoya zingahlukaniswa zibe izinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko: i-eksisi evundlile kanye ne-eksisi eqondile, lapho i-eksisi evundlile. eziphehla ugesi zibusa imakethe ngenxa yokusebenza kahle kwazo okuphezulu kanye nohlu olubanzi lwezinhlelo zokusebenza. Ubuchwepheshe bamandla omoya bunomlando omude wokuthuthuka, kusukela kumishini yomoya elula esetshenziselwa ukumpompa amanzi nokugaya okusanhlamvu kuya kuma-turbine omoya asebenza kahle kakhulu esimanje anikeza amandla ahlanzekile emhlabeni jikelele.
Ukuklanywa nokwakhiwa kwezinjini zomoya zesimanje kuhlanganisa imiphumela yesayensi yezinto ezibonakalayo ethuthukisiwe, i-meteorology kanye neminye imikhakha eminingi. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buqhubeka buthuthuka, izinjini zomoya ziye zaba zinkulu, zisebenza kahle kakhulu, futhi ziyakwazi ukusebenza ngesivinini esiphansi somoya, okwenza ngcono kakhulu umnotho kanye nokusebenziseka kwemiklamo yamandla omoya.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuthuthukiswa okusheshayo kobuchwepheshe bamandla omoya kuzuze ekukhuleni kwesidingo somhlaba wonke sokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni kanye nokukhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kwamandla avuselelekayo, futhi amandla omoya abe obunye bobuchwepheshe bamandla obukhula ngokushesha emhlabeni.
Ukubunjwa

A umoya turbine iqukethe izingxenye ezibalulekile ezimbalwa, okulandelayo yizingxenye eziyinhloko ze-wind turbine:
Ama-Blades
Ama-blades ayingxenye ebalulekile ebamba umoya futhi iwuguqule ube amandla ajikelezayo. Ngokuvamile zenziwe ngezinto ezingasindi neziqinile, njenge-fiberglass noma izinhlanganisela ze-carbon fibre, ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle nokunciphisa ukumelana komoya.
Ukujikeleza
I-rotor, ehlanganisa ama-blades nehabhu, iwumthombo wamandla we-wind turbine. Njengoba umoya uvunguza phezu kwama-blades, i-rotor iyaphenduka, iguqule amandla e-kinetic omoya abe amandla omshini.
Generator
Ijeneretha ingxenye eguqula amandla emishini abe amandla kagesi. Itholakala phezulu kombhoshongo futhi ixhunywe ku-rotor nge-shaft. Njengoba i-rotor ijikeleza, i-generator ikhiqiza i-alternating current (AC) noma yamanje eqondile (DC) ukuze isetshenziswe kugridi noma ohlelweni oluzimele.
Tower
Umbhoshongo usekela i-superstructure ye-turbine yomoya, kuhlanganise nama-blades, i-rotor kanye ne-generator. Ukuphakama kombhoshongo kubalulekile ekusebenzeni kwenjini yomoya, njengoba isivinini somoya sikhuphuka ngokuphakama.
Isistimu ye-pitch
Isistimu ye-pitch ilawula i-engeli yama-blades, noma i-engeli ye-pitch, ukuze ivumelane nesivinini somoya esihlukile futhi ithuthukise ukusebenza kahle kwe-generator. Isistimu ye-pitch iphinde ivikele i-generator ekulimaleni ngokulungisa i-engeli yama-blades ukunciphisa amandla omoya phakathi nesivinini somoya.
Isistimu ye-Yaw
Isistimu yokulawula i-yaw inesibopho sokuqondisa i-wind turbine ukuze ibhekane nomoya. Kumaturbine omoya e-axis avundlile, isistimu ye-yaw iqinisekisa ukuthi i-rotor ihlezi ibheke emoyeni ukuze kwandiswe ukubanjwa kwamandla omoya.
Uhlelo lokulawula
Uhlelo lokulawula ubuchopho be-wind turbine. Iqapha futhi ilungise izimo zokusebenza ze-turbine yomoya, okuhlanganisa ukuqala nokuvala shaqa, isilawuli se-pitch, ukulungiswa kwe-yaw, nokuxazulula inkinga ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi i-turbine isebenza esimweni sayo esifanele.
Ukwahlukanisa

Amaw turbines omoya zingahlukaniswa zibe izinhlobo eziningana ezihlukene ngokusekelwe ekwakhiweni kwazo nezici zokusebenza, ikakhulukazi ezihlanganisa:
Ihlukaniswe ngomumo we-eksisi
Izinjini zomoya ezivundlile (HAWTs): lolu wuhlobo olujwayeleke kakhulu lwe-wind turbine futhi lubonakala ngokuthi i-eksisi ibekwe ivundlile i-rotor ibheke ngasemoyeni. Ama-HAWT angaklanywa ukuthi abe made kakhulu futhi abemakhulu ukuze abambe amandla omoya amaningi, futhi afanele ukusetshenziswa emapulazini omoya asezingeni lezohwebo.
Ama-turbine omoya e-axis eqondile (VAWTs): Kulo mklamo, i-axis ibekwe ngokuqondile ukuze i-generator ingakhombe umoya. Ama-VAWT ngokuvamile alula ekwakhiweni futhi kubiza kancane ukuwanakekela, kodwa angase angasebenzi kahle njengama-HAWT, futhi afanele ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezincane noma izindawo zasemadolobheni.
Ihlukaniswe ngendawo yokufaka
Onshore wind turbines: Lezi zifakwe emhlabeni futhi zingaba izinjini zomoya ezizimele zodwa noma ingxenye yepulazi elikhulu lomoya.
Ama-turbines omoya angasogwini: Zifakwe olwandle noma echibini elikhulu, zibiza kakhulu ukuzokwakha nokuyinakekela, kodwa zinamandla aphumayo aphezulu ngenxa yesivinini esikhulu futhi esingaguquguquki somoya ngasogwini lolwandle.
Ihlukaniswe ngomthamo
Izinjini zomoya ezincane: Ngokuvamile kubhekiselwa kuma-turbines omoya anamandla alinganiselwe angaphansi kwamashumi ambalwa ama-kilowatts, futhi afanele ukunikezwa kwamandla okuzimele emakhaya, amabhizinisi amancane noma ezindaweni ezikude.
Ama-turbine amakhulu omoya: Amandla alinganisiwe asukela kumakhulu amaningana ama-kilowatts kuya kumamegawathi amaningana, futhi asetshenziswa kakhulu emapulazini omoya okuhweba amakhulu ukuze anikeze amandla kugridi.
Ihlukaniswe ngohlelo lokusebenza
Izinjini zomoya ezixhunywe kwigridi: Ugesi okhiqizwa yilawa ma-turbines unikezwa ngokuqondile kugridi yamandla futhi uyindlela evamile yokusetshenziswa kwamandla omoya ngezinga elikhulu.
Ama-wind turbines angaphandle kwegridi: Kusetshenziswa lapho kungekho khona ukufinyelela kwegridi, ngokuvamile ngokuhlangana namabhethri kanye/noma ezinye izinhlobo zamajeneretha ukuze kunikezwe amandla ezindaweni ezikude noma amasistimu azimele wodwa.
Ihlukaniswe ngohlobo lwejeneretha
Ama-turbines omoya anesivinini esingaguquki: imiklamo yendabuko egijima ngesivinini esinqunyiwe, elula kodwa engasebenzi kahle kakhulu.
Injini yomoya yesivinini eguquguqukayo: ithuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokusetshenziswa kwamandla omoya ngokulungisa isivinini ukuze kuhambisane nezinguquko zesivinini somoya.
Izimo zohlelo lokusebenza

Izinjini zomoya zinezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlelo zokusebenza njengobuchwepheshe bamandla avuselelekayo. Ngezansi izimo zokusebenza eziyinhloko zama-turbines omoya:
Amapulazi omoya wezohwebo
Esinye sezimo ezisetshenziswa kakhulu amapulazi amakhulu omoya okuhweba, ahlanganisa amashumi kuya kumakhulu ezinjini zomoya ezifakwe emhlabeni noma olwandle. Bahlinzeka ngenani elikhulu likagesi kugridi, okusiza ukunciphisa ukuthembela emafutheni ezinto ezimbiwa phansi kanye nokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa.
Umoya womphakathi
Amaphrojekthi omoya womphakathi mancane, avame ukusetshenziswa imiphakathi noma amabhizinisi amancane, futhi aklanyelwe ukuhlinzeka ngogesi emiphakathini yendawo. Le miklamo isiza ukukhuthaza ukuzimela kwamandla kanye nentuthuko esimeme emiphakathini, kuyilapho ikhulisa ukuqwashisa nokwamukelwa kwamandla avuselelekayo phakathi kwezakhamuzi.
Ukunikezwa kukagesi ngaphandle kwegridi
Izinjini zomoya ezincane zingasetshenziswa njengesixazululo samandla angaphandle kwegridi ukuze kuhlinzekwe izakhamuzi zikagesi nezinsiza ezincane ezindaweni ezikude noma lapho igridi ingakayivaleli indawo. Lezi zinhlelo zivame ukusetshenziswa ngokuhlanganiswa namaphaneli elanga namabhethri ukuze zakhe izinhlelo zamandla ezixubile eziqinisekisa ukuzinza kokunikezwa kwamandla.
Izicelo zasolwandle
Ama-turbines omoya angasogwini sebenzisa imimoya enamandla olwandle futhi isetshenziswa kakhulu emazweni athile asogwini nasezifundeni. Ukwengeza ekuphehleni ugesi wendabuko, ubuchwepheshe bamandla omoya ogwini lolwandle bungasetshenziswa futhi ezindaweni ezifana nokukhipha usawoti emanzini kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezinsiza zasolwandle.
Yini okufanele uyicabangele lapho ukhetha i-generator yamandla omoya?

Lapho ukhetha i-wind turbine, izici ezilandelayo kufanele zicatshangelwe:
Izindawo ezinemithombo yomoya eyanele
Okokuqala, insiza yomoya yendawo engase ibe khona yokufaka kufanele ihlolwe. Izinjini zomoya zifanele ukufakwa ezindaweni ezinesivinini somoya esiphezulu futhi esingaguquguquki, njengaseduzane nogu, amathafa avulekile, iziqongo zezintaba, noma ezinye izindawo ezingavimbekile. Ukuhlolwa kwensiza yomoya kuyonquma ukufaneleka kwesiza esithile sokukhiqiza amandla omoya.
Izidingo zokuphakelwa kwamandla esikali esikhulu
Ezimweni ezidinga inani elikhulu lokunikezwa kwamandla kagesi, njengamapaki ezimboni, izindawo ezinkulu zezentengiselwano noma ukunikezwa kwamandla kagesi wedolobha, ukusungula ipulazi lomoya kuyinketho ephumelelayo. Amapulazi omoya anganikeza inani elikhulu lamandla ahlanzekile kugridi futhi asize ekunciphiseni ukuthembela kumafutha ezinto ezimbiwa phansi.
Izixazululo zamandla angaphandle kwegridi
Ezindaweni ezikude noma izindawo ezingakambozwa igridi, eziphehla ugesi ingahlinzeka ngesixazululo samandla angaphandle kwegridi ukuze inikeze amandla kubahlali, iziza zocwaningo ezikude noma izindawo zezivakashi ezikude. Ikakhulukazi ezifundeni lapho izinsiza zomoya ziningi khona, izinjini zomoya zilungele ukuvikela amandla.
Izindleko zamandla nokucatshangelwa kwezomnotho
Ezindaweni lapho izindleko zikagesi ziphezulu noma okulindeleke ukuthi zikhuphuke, ukutshala imali emandleni omoya kungaba isu lokubiyela elingase linciphise izindleko zikagesi esikhathini eside. Nakuba ukutshalwa kwezimali kokuqala kwezinjini zomoya nengqalasizinda ehlobene kukhulu, izindleko zokusebenza ziphansi futhi umnotho jikelele womoya njengesisetshenziswa samahhala uvuma.
Ukusebenza kwezezimali
Ukubakhona kwezezimali kwe amajeneretha asebenza ngomoya kuhilela izici ezimbalwa ezihlanganisa izindleko zokuqala zokufakwa, usayizi wesistimu, isici samandla, nezindleko zonyaka zokulungisa nempilo yesistimu. Nazi izibonelo ezimbili ezimfushane zokukusiza ukuthi uhlole ukusebenza kwamajeneretha asebenza ngomoya ukuze asetshenziswe ekhaya nakwezentengiso.
Ipharamitha | Indawo yokuhlala encane | Iphrojekthi yezohwebo |
Isidingo sesivinini somoya esimaphakathi | Okungenani 4.5 m/s | Okungenani u-4.5 m/s, amasistimu amakhulu angase adinge okuphakeme |
Izindleko zokufaka zokuqala | $5,000 | $3,000,000 |
Usayizi wesistimu | ~ 5kW | ~ 3 MW |
Isici somthamo | ~20%(10~30%) | ~35%(20~50%) |
Ukukhiqizwa kukagesi ngonyaka | ~8000kWh | ~8.4 million kWh |
Isilinganiso senani likagesi | US$0.17/kWh | US$0.13/kWh |
Izindleko zonyaka zokunakekela | US$0 - $200 | $20,000 |
Ukonga kwezindleko zikagesi ngonyaka | $1300 | $1090,000 |
Ukuphila kwesistimu | iminyaka 20 | Iminyaka eyi-20 - engama-25 |
Amandla okudayiswa kukagesi | Kuncike kuzinqubomgomo zegridi yasendaweni | Amandla amakhulu, ikakhulukazi amaphrojekthi amakhulu |
Amathrendi ezobuchwepheshe
Amandla omoya ubuchwepheshe bukhula ngokushesha kanye nokuqanjwa okusha, futhi okulandelayo yizinto ezihamba phambili kubuchwepheshe bamandla omoya:
Amaturbine amakhulu nasebenza kahle kakhulu
Ngokuthuthuka kwesayensi yezinto zokwakha kanye nobunjiniyela, izizukulwane ezintsha zama turbines omoya ziba zinkulu futhi zisebenza kahle kakhulu. Amaturbine amakhulu ayakwazi ukubamba amandla omoya amaningi futhi asebenze ngesivinini esiphansi somoya, athuthukise ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqizwa kwamandla kanye nokwethembeka. Ikakhulukazi emkhakheni wamandla omoya ogwini lolwandle, ukusetshenziswa kwama-turbines amakhulu kuya ngokuya kuvame kakhulu.
Ubuchwepheshe bamandla omoya obuntantayo
Ubuchwepheshe bomoya obuntantayo buvumela izinjini zomoya ukuthi zitshalwe ezindaweni ezijulile zamanzi, zandise kakhulu ububanzi bamapulazi omoya atholakala ngasogwini lolwandle. Lobu buchwepheshe busekela eziphehla ugesi ngamapulatifomu antantayo ebusweni bamanzi, okuvumela amaphrojekthi omoya ukuthi afinyelele imithombo yomoya enamandla futhi ezinzile kude nogu.
Ihlakaniphile nedijithali
Ukuphatha okuhlakaniphile nokusebenza kanye nokugcinwa kwamapulazi omoya kungenye inkambiso ebalulekile. Ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-Intanethi Yezinto (IoT), ukuhlaziya idatha enkulu kanye nobuhlakani bokwenziwa (AI), opharetha bayakwazi ukuqapha isimo se-turbine ngesikhathi sangempela, babikezele izidingo zokunakekelwa, bandise ukusebenza kahle kokuphehlwa kwamandla futhi behlise izindleko zokuyilungisa.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwesitoreji samandla
Ukuhlanganisa amasistimu okugcina amandla namapulazi omoya sekungenzeka njengoba izindleko zobuchwepheshe bokugcina amandla zincipha futhi nokusebenza kuba ngcono. Ukugcinwa kwamandla akugcini nje ngokubhalansisa imvelo yesikhashana yokukhiqiza amandla omoya, kodwa futhi kuthuthukisa ukuguquguquka kwesistimu yamandla futhi kwenyusa inani lamandla omoya emakethe yamandla.
Isistimu yokulawula iphimbo ethuthukisiwe
Ngokuqhubeka nokwenza kahle uhlelo lokulawula iphimbo, isizukulwane esisha sezinjini zomoya siyakwazi ukulungisa i-engeli ye-blade ngokunembe kakhudlwana ukuze ivumelane nokushintsha kwesivinini somoya nezikhombisi-ndlela, ikhulise ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqizwa kwamandla kuyilapho inciphisa imithwalo yesakhiwo kanye nokwelula ukuphila kwe-turbine.
Isiphetho sendaba
Amaw turbines omoya, ezisebenzisa amandla omoya ukuze ziwaguqule abe ugesi, zingamathuluzi ayisisekelo obuchwepheshe bamandla ahlanzekile, avuselelekayo. Njengoba isidingo somhlaba wonke samandla aqhubekayo sikhula, amandla omoya abe yindlela eyinhloko yokuthola amandla ahlanzekile. Izitayela zobuchwepheshe zibonisa ukuthi izinjini zomoya zesimanje ziyathuthuka zibe zinkulu futhi zisebenze kahle kakhulu.
Lokhu kuthuthuka akuthuthukisi nje kuphela ukusebenza kahle nokuthembeka kwamandla omoya, kodwa futhi kuhlinzeka ngamathuba amasha amandla omoya azosetshenziswa ezindaweni ezikude, ngaphandle kolwandle, nasezindaweni zasemadolobheni. Ngokusungulwa kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nokwehliswa kwezindleko, izinjini zomoya zizoqhubeka nokudlala indima ebalulekile emakethe yamandla omhlaba.
Okokugcina, uma ungathanda ukuthenga ijeneretha yamandla omoya yekhaya lakho noma ibhizinisi, ungavakashela lokhu isixhumanisi.